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Psych 102 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nativism?

A

children are born with innate abilities or will naturally gain them with maturity

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2
Q

What are the 2 theories pf development?

A

nativism
empiricism

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3
Q

What is empiricism?

A

children must learn certain skills with experience and practice and would never gain them without such exposure

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4
Q

What is a cross sectional design?

A

recruit participants of different ages/cohort at the same time and measure them simultaneously

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5
Q

What are pros of cross sectional designs?

A

quick and easy

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6
Q

What are cons of cross sectional design?

A
  • cohort effects
  • third variable problems
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7
Q

What are 2 ways of measuring change?

A
  • cross sectional design
  • longitudinal design
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8
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

we recruit one group of participants and re-test them as they get older, comparing their performance to their past selves

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9
Q

What are pros of longitudinal designs?

A

removes cohort effect

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10
Q

What are cons of longitudinal designs?

A
  • time intensive
  • attrition
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11
Q

What are 4 strategies for measuring kids’ behaviour?

A
  1. Universal behaviours
  2. Looking preferences
  3. Searching and foraging
  4. Embedding into games
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12
Q

What are universal behaviours?

A

rely on behaviours that everyone has access to

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13
Q

What are looking preferences?

A

rely on early maturity of the visual system

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14
Q

What is searching and foraging?

A

once kids learn to crawl/walk, they rely on their natural tendency towards wanting to explore their environment

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15
Q

What is embedding into games?

A

create psychological tasks that resemble games to have kids be more likely to engage with them

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16
Q

What are universal behaviours children have?

A
  • newborns imitate facial expressions within days of birth
  • language preferences: babies respond harder to the language their parents speak within hours of birth
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17
Q

How are looking preferences measured?

A

a baby can choose to look at one of 2 things and a preference for display over another is measured

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18
Q

What were the results of the Facial Preference study?

A
  • when newborns are shown 2 paddles: one with 3 dots that looks like a face
  • they look longer to the face-like paddle
  • suggests innate preferences for faces
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19
Q

What is habituation?

A

exposing a participant to same stimulus multiple times until they’re bored

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20
Q

What was the Number study?

A
  • 6-month-old infants are shown a display of 6 dots over and over again until they are bored
  • they will then dishabituate when shown 12 dots (but not 6 dots) suggesting they have a basic sense of number
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21
Q

How many objects can toddlers remember?

A

up to 3

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22
Q

What is prenatal development?

A
  • occurs in the 40 weeks from conception to birth (in utero).
  • Continuous and fluid process
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23
Q

Why is prenatal devel. important in psychological development?

A
  • in last trimester fetuses are psychologically active in womb: listen, taste, experience things that determine their preferences once born
  • factors that affect later devel. can begin in womb (alcohol exposure)
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24
Q

What is teratogen?

A

chemical agents that impair or alter prenatal development, usually by changing the expression of various genes (alcohol, tobacco)

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25
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • disorder caused by exposure to ethanol alcohol during the prenatal period
  • Symptoms: low body weight, distinctive facial features, and brain damage.
  • worse when introduced in embryotic stage
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26
Q

What is Downs syndrome?

A
  • neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21
  • one of the most common types of chromosome abnormalities
  • symptoms: physical changes and delays, and moderate intellectual disability
  • domain general disorder
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27
Q

What is a domain general disorder?

A

almost every facet of development, from language, attention, memory, etc., are all affected

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28
Q

What is William’s syndrome?

A
  • rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deletion of about 26 genes on chromosome 7.
  • symptoms: changes in facial appearance and big problems in IQ and visuospatial abilities
  • language and social skills still developed
  • domain specific
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29
Q

What is a domain specific disorder?

A

effects confined to specific domains, while others are completely spared

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30
Q

What is perceptual development?

A

devel. in seeing, hearing, touching

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31
Q

What is motor development?

A

devel. of bodies and ability to move

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32
Q

What is perceptual narrowing?

A

increased sensitivity for things that occur often in the environment, decreased sensitivity for things that don’t

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33
Q

What is perceptual narrowing related to?

A

brain plasticity: brain changes to adapt to things that are relevant, and ignore that that aren’t

34
Q

What is own species effect?

A

young babies (<6 months) are equally capable of distinguishing human and non-human faces apart, while older infants (>9 months) can only differentiate human faces.

35
Q

What is own race effect?

A

young babies (<6 months) are equally capable of distinguishing faces of humans of all ethnicities, while older infants (>9 months) lose sensitivity for ethnicities they do not encounter in everyday life.

36
Q

What is infant directed speech?

A
  • slower, highly inflected and wide-pitch pattern of speech typical when people speak to infants (”baby talk”)
  • easier for babies to separate sounds, words
37
Q

What are sensitive periods?

A

periods during which exposure to experience has the biggest effect on development

38
Q

What are cataracts effects on children?

A

visual deprivation due to cataracts in both eyes in the first 6 months disrupts face processing, but if they are removed before 6 months it does not.

39
Q

What is the Cephalocaudal rule?

A

growth and motor control emerge from head to feet > ­Babies first learn to control their head, then torso, then tops of arms and legs

40
Q

What is the Proximodistal rule?

A

growth and motor control emerge from the center to the periphery >Babies last learn to control their hands and feet.

41
Q

What is posture specific learning?

A

whenever babies learn a new method of movement they need to re-learn what is dangerous in their environment.

42
Q

What was the Kitty carousel experiment?

A
  • 2 kittens were raised experiencing only the same striped enclosure.
  • During training one kitten could walk around, while other was passively carried.
  • The “active kitten” later showed visual development.
  • The “passive kitten” did not.
    –> voluntary motion is necessary for devel. of perceptual abilities.
43
Q

What is the effect on powered mobility devices on infants?

A
  • allows them to move when they’re young
  • show significantly faster development of perceptual abilities
44
Q

What is attachment?

A

emotional and social bond that forms between individuals

45
Q

Why do we form attachment?

A
  • to meet basic needs
  • to learn
  • to receive comfort
46
Q

What was the wire mother experiment?

A
  • Wire mother: food but no warmth or comfort
  • Cloth mother: warmth and comfort but no food
    –> If isolated with wire mother from birth: anxiety symptoms and ignored others when reintroduced
    –> Typical social development depends on early attachments with caregivers.
47
Q

What are the 2 causes of attachment styles?

A
  • temperament: characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
  • parenting style: characteristic patterns of parenting
48
Q

What is Theory of Mind?

A

ability to represent the thoughts of others even if they are different that your own thoughts

49
Q

Why do we have a theory of mind?

A
  • helps us cooperate better
  • machiavellian hypothesis: to gain advantage over others
50
Q

What are signs that infants have early emerging prosocial tendencies?

A
  • they share altruistically
  • they enforce fairness
  • they help others
51
Q

What is abstract thinking?

A

to represent, mentally manipulate and communicate about things that aren’t in our perception

52
Q

What does Piaget believe about children’s devel. stages?

A
  1. determines the kinds of thoughts children are capable
  2. Is better than the last and leads to more abstract thinking.
  3. Happens in a precise order and no child may skip one.
  4. Is advanced to the next one by biological maturity
  5. Changes suddenly, not gradually
53
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A
  • marked by absence of abstract thought
  • only thing they can perceive is right here including their own bodies
  • last from birth-24m
54
Q

What is object permanence?

A

knowing that objects exist even when they are no longer perceived.

55
Q

What is and A not B task?

A
  • A baby is given a toy to play with.
  • The toy is then hidden under one of two blankets or hidden behind an object.
  • Despite wanting the toy back, the baby will not look for it under either blanket ­
  • Piaget argued that this implied that sensorimotor children do not think that an object continues to exist once it is out of their perception.
56
Q

What is a schema?

A
  • small bit of abstract knowledge about how the world works (gravity, etc.)
  • allows kids to assimilate and integrate
57
Q

What is the pre-operational stage?

A
  • second stage during which children understand permanence and abstraction of objects and events
  • lack of theory of mind
  • struggle to logically manipulate objects in their mind.
  • 2-6 yo
58
Q

What is conservation?

A

logically reasoning that quantities don’t change from simple transformations.

59
Q

What are volume conservation tasks?

A
  • children are shown two glasses with the same amount of water.
  • water from one cup is then poured into a wider cup; children say that the two glasses don’t have the same anymore.
60
Q

What are number number conservation tasks?

A

two rows of five coins are aligned and children say that the two rows have the same number; one of the rows is stretched, and the kids now say that the longer row has more

61
Q

What’s the concrete operational stage?

A
  • kids become capable of doing basic logical thinking but still cant perceive the world to be different than it is
  • 6-11 yo
62
Q

What is a counterfactual rule task?

A
  • a child is told a counter-intuitive rule and asked to predict – if the rule is true – what will happen.
  • Concrete operational children focus on the reality of the situation, not on what would logically happen if the rule was true.
63
Q

What is the formal operational stage?

A
  • the final stage when kids become fully capable of logical and abstract thinking and are no longer dominated by their own perceptions/intuitions about the world
  • 11 yo
64
Q

What are the 4 stages of development by Piaget?

A
  • Sensimotor
  • Preoperational
  • Concrete operational
  • formal operational
65
Q

What are cross cultural effects on development?

A

kid’s development varies widely across cultures; in cultures where children are taught to hunt from an early age, their spatial navigation develops substantially faster than in cultures where they do not

66
Q

What is language?

A
  • a system of thinking and communicating that combines arbitrary symbols in a rule based way to generate meaning
67
Q

What are the 4 levels of language?

A
  • Phonemes: building blocks of words
  • Syntax: grammar rules
  • Semantics: meaning derived from sentences
  • Pragmatics: extra linguistic inferences
68
Q

What is a zygote?

A
  • fertilized egg
  • period from conception to 2 weeks after
  • once implants into uterus becomes embryo
69
Q

What is the embryonic stage?

A
  • 2nd week after conception-8th week
  • beginning of female reproductive organs
  • male embryo starts testosterone prod
70
Q

What is the fetal stage?

A
  • 9th week after conception-birth
  • fetus has skeleton and muscles
  • brain cells start creating axons, dendrites
  • brain grows rapidly
71
Q

What are rooting and sucking reflexes?

A

rooting: move mouth towards any object that enters mouth;
sucking: suck any object that enters their mouth

72
Q

What are scale errors?

A

When infants or young children are allowed to play with an object and are then given a miniature version of the object, they will often make a scale error by treating the miniature object as though it were the regular-sized one

73
Q

What things did Piaget get wrong?

A
  • thought that kids graduate from one stage to another > but it’s more fluid & continuous
  • infants lack object permanence > but studies show 4mo olds have some object perm.
  • it takes years for kids to realize others dont know what they know > develops as early as 13mo
74
Q

What are Kohlberg’s moral development stages?

A
  1. pre-conventional stage
  2. conventional stage
  3. post-conventional stage
75
Q

What is the pre-conventional stage?

A

stage in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

76
Q

What is the conventional stage?

A

a stage in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

77
Q

What is the post conventional stage?

A

a stage in which morality of an action is determines by a set of general principles that reflect core values

78
Q

What are benefits of bilingualism?

A
  • later onset of alzheimer’s than monolinguals due to cognitive reserve
  • denser grey matter in parietal lobe
  • better cognitive functioning, executive contro capacities
79
Q

What are negatives of bilingualism?

A
  • slows/ interferes with normal cognitive devel.
  • slower language processing
  • lower IQ scores
    –> flawed studies
80
Q

What is the internal working model?

A
  • set of beliefs about the way relationships work
  • infants with different attachment styles appear to have different internal working models

Psych 102 (8 decks)

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