Development Flashcards
1
Q
What is nativism?
A
children are born with innate abilities or will naturally gain them with maturity
2
Q
What are the 2 theories pf development?
A
nativism
empiricism
3
Q
What is empiricism?
A
children must learn certain skills with experience and practice and would never gain them without such exposure
4
Q
What is a cross sectional design?
A
recruit participants of different ages/cohort at the same time and measure them simultaneously
5
Q
What are pros of cross sectional designs?
A
quick and easy
6
Q
What are cons of cross sectional design?
A
- cohort effects
- third variable problems
7
Q
What are 2 ways of measuring change?
A
- cross sectional design
- longitudinal design
8
Q
What is a longitudinal design?
A
we recruit one group of participants and re-test them as they get older, comparing their performance to their past selves
9
Q
What are pros of longitudinal designs?
A
removes cohort effect
10
Q
What are cons of longitudinal designs?
A
- time intensive
- attrition
11
Q
What are 4 strategies for measuring kids’ behaviour?
A
- Universal behaviours
- Looking preferences
- Searching and foraging
- Embedding into games
12
Q
What are universal behaviours?
A
rely on behaviours that everyone has access to
13
Q
What are looking preferences?
A
rely on early maturity of the visual system
14
Q
What is searching and foraging?
A
once kids learn to crawl/walk, they rely on their natural tendency towards wanting to explore their environment
15
Q
What is embedding into games?
A
create psychological tasks that resemble games to have kids be more likely to engage with them
16
Q
What are universal behaviours children have?
A
- newborns imitate facial expressions within days of birth
- language preferences: babies respond harder to the language their parents speak within hours of birth
17
Q
How are looking preferences measured?
A
a baby can choose to look at one of 2 things and a preference for display over another is measured
18
Q
What were the results of the Facial Preference study?
A
- when newborns are shown 2 paddles: one with 3 dots that looks like a face
- they look longer to the face-like paddle
- suggests innate preferences for faces
19
Q
What is habituation?
A
exposing a participant to same stimulus multiple times until they’re bored
20
Q
What was the Number study?
A
- 6-month-old infants are shown a display of 6 dots over and over again until they are bored
- they will then dishabituate when shown 12 dots (but not 6 dots) suggesting they have a basic sense of number
21
Q
How many objects can toddlers remember?
A
up to 3
22
Q
What is prenatal development?
A
- occurs in the 40 weeks from conception to birth (in utero).
- Continuous and fluid process
23
Q
Why is prenatal devel. important in psychological development?
A
- in last trimester fetuses are psychologically active in womb: listen, taste, experience things that determine their preferences once born
- factors that affect later devel. can begin in womb (alcohol exposure)
24
Q
What is teratogen?
A
chemical agents that impair or alter prenatal development, usually by changing the expression of various genes (alcohol, tobacco)
25
What is fetal alcohol syndrome?
- disorder caused by exposure to ethanol alcohol during the prenatal period
- Symptoms: low body weight, distinctive facial features, and brain damage.
- worse when introduced in embryotic stage
26
What is Downs syndrome?
- neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a third copy of chromosome 21
- one of the most common types of chromosome abnormalities
- symptoms: physical changes and delays, and moderate intellectual disability
- domain general disorder
27
What is a domain general disorder?
almost every facet of development, from language, attention, memory, etc., are all affected
28
What is William's syndrome?
- rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by deletion of about 26 genes on chromosome 7.
- symptoms: changes in facial appearance and big problems in IQ and visuospatial abilities
- language and social skills still developed
- domain specific
29
What is a domain specific disorder?
effects confined to specific domains, while others are completely spared
30
What is perceptual development?
devel. in seeing, hearing, touching
31
What is motor development?
devel. of bodies and ability to move
32
What is perceptual narrowing?
increased sensitivity for things that occur often in the environment, decreased sensitivity for things that don't
33
What is perceptual narrowing related to?
brain plasticity: brain changes to adapt to things that are relevant, and ignore that that aren't
34
What is own species effect?
young babies (<6 months) are equally capable of distinguishing human and non-human faces apart, while older infants (>9 months) can only differentiate human faces.
35
What is own race effect?
young babies (<6 months) are equally capable of distinguishing faces of humans of all ethnicities, while older infants (>9 months) lose sensitivity for ethnicities they do not encounter in everyday life.
36
What is infant directed speech?
- slower, highly inflected and wide-pitch pattern of speech typical when people speak to infants (”baby talk”)
- easier for babies to separate sounds, words
37
What are sensitive periods?
periods during which exposure to experience has the biggest effect on development
38
What are cataracts effects on children?
visual deprivation due to cataracts in both eyes in the first 6 months disrupts face processing, but if they are removed before 6 months it does not.
39
What is the Cephalocaudal rule?
growth and motor control emerge from head to feet > Babies first learn to control their head, then torso, then tops of arms and legs
40
What is the Proximodistal rule?
growth and motor control emerge from the center to the periphery >Babies last learn to control their hands and feet.
41
What is posture specific learning?
whenever babies learn a new method of movement they need to re-learn what is dangerous in their environment.
42
What was the Kitty carousel experiment?
- 2 kittens were raised experiencing only the same striped enclosure.
- During training one kitten could walk around, while other was passively carried.
- The “active kitten” later showed visual development.
- The “passive kitten” did not.
--> voluntary motion is necessary for devel. of perceptual abilities.
43
What is the effect on powered mobility devices on infants?
- allows them to move when they're young
- show significantly faster development of perceptual abilities
44
What is attachment?
emotional and social bond that forms between individuals
45
Why do we form attachment?
- to meet basic needs
- to learn
- to receive comfort
46
What was the wire mother experiment?
- Wire mother: food but no warmth or comfort
- Cloth mother: warmth and comfort but no food
--> If isolated with wire mother from birth: anxiety symptoms and ignored others when reintroduced
--> Typical social development depends on early attachments with caregivers.
47
What are the 2 causes of attachment styles?
- temperament: characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
- parenting style: characteristic patterns of parenting
48
What is Theory of Mind?
ability to represent the thoughts of others even if they are different that your own thoughts
49
Why do we have a theory of mind?
- helps us cooperate better
- machiavellian hypothesis: to gain advantage over others
50
What are signs that infants have early emerging prosocial tendencies?
- they share altruistically
- they enforce fairness
- they help others
51
What is abstract thinking?
to represent, mentally manipulate and communicate about things that aren't in our perception
52
What does Piaget believe about children's devel. stages?
1. determines the kinds of thoughts children are capable
2. Is better than the last and leads to more abstract thinking.
3. Happens in a precise order and no child may skip one.
4. Is advanced to the next one by biological maturity
5. Changes suddenly, not gradually
53
What is the sensorimotor stage?
- marked by absence of abstract thought
- only thing they can perceive is right here including their own bodies
- last from birth-24m
54
What is object permanence?
knowing that objects exist even when they are no longer perceived.
55
What is and A not B task?
- A baby is given a toy to play with.
- The toy is then hidden under one of two blankets or hidden behind an object.
- Despite wanting the toy back, the baby will not look for it under either blanket
- Piaget argued that this implied that sensorimotor children do not think that an object continues to exist once it is out of their perception.
56
What is a schema?
- small bit of abstract knowledge about how the world works (gravity, etc.)
- allows kids to assimilate and integrate
57
What is the pre-operational stage?
- second stage during which children understand permanence and abstraction of objects and events
- lack of theory of mind
- struggle to logically manipulate objects in their mind.
- 2-6 yo
58
What is conservation?
logically reasoning that quantities don’t change from simple transformations.
59
What are volume conservation tasks?
- children are shown two glasses with the same amount of water.
- water from one cup is then poured into a wider cup; children say that the two glasses don’t have the same anymore.
60
What are number number conservation tasks?
two rows of five coins are aligned and children say that the two rows have the same number; one of the rows is stretched, and the kids now say that the longer row has more
61
What's the concrete operational stage?
- kids become capable of doing basic logical thinking but still cant perceive the world to be different than it is
- 6-11 yo
62
What is a counterfactual rule task?
- a child is told a counter-intuitive rule and asked to predict – if the rule is true – what will happen.
- Concrete operational children focus on the reality of the situation, not on what would logically happen if the rule was true.
63
What is the formal operational stage?
- the final stage when kids become fully capable of logical and abstract thinking and are no longer dominated by their own perceptions/intuitions about the world
- 11 yo
64
What are the 4 stages of development by Piaget?
- Sensimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- formal operational
65
What are cross cultural effects on development?
kid's development varies widely across cultures; in cultures where children are taught to hunt from an early age, their spatial navigation develops substantially faster than in cultures where they do not
66
What is language?
- a system of thinking and communicating that combines arbitrary symbols in a rule based way to generate meaning
67
What are the 4 levels of language?
- Phonemes: building blocks of words
- Syntax: grammar rules
- Semantics: meaning derived from sentences
- Pragmatics: extra linguistic inferences
68
What is a zygote?
- fertilized egg
- period from conception to 2 weeks after
- once implants into uterus becomes embryo
69
What is the embryonic stage?
- 2nd week after conception-8th week
- beginning of female reproductive organs
- male embryo starts testosterone prod
70
What is the fetal stage?
- 9th week after conception-birth
- fetus has skeleton and muscles
- brain cells start creating axons, dendrites
- brain grows rapidly
71
What are rooting and sucking reflexes?
rooting: move mouth towards any object that enters mouth;
sucking: suck any object that enters their mouth
72
What are scale errors?
When infants or young children are allowed to play with an object and are then given a miniature version of the object, they will often make a scale error by treating the miniature object as though it were the regular-sized one
73
What things did Piaget get wrong?
- thought that kids graduate from one stage to another > but it's more fluid & continuous
- infants lack object permanence > but studies show 4mo olds have some object perm.
- it takes years for kids to realize others dont know what they know > develops as early as 13mo
74
What are Kohlberg's moral development stages?
1. pre-conventional stage
2. conventional stage
3. post-conventional stage
75
What is the pre-conventional stage?
stage in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
76
What is the conventional stage?
a stage in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
77
What is the post conventional stage?
a stage in which morality of an action is determines by a set of general principles that reflect core values
78
What are benefits of bilingualism?
- later onset of alzheimer's than monolinguals due to cognitive reserve
- denser grey matter in parietal lobe
- better cognitive functioning, executive contro capacities
79
What are negatives of bilingualism?
- slows/ interferes with normal cognitive devel.
- slower language processing
- lower IQ scores
--> flawed studies
80
What is the internal working model?
- set of beliefs about the way relationships work
- infants with different attachment styles appear to have different internal working models
