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Psych 102 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What are state differences?

A

temporary differences in people’s psychology

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2
Q

What are trait differences?

A

semi-permanent differences between people’s psychology

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3
Q

Define personality?

A

a person’s characteristics and enduring style of behaving, thinking and feeling (i.e. traits, not states)

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4
Q

What are the problems with self-report?

A

desirability biases

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5
Q

What is the issue with observation?

A

observer bias
demand characteristics

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6
Q

What are the origins personality?

A
  1. Heredity and Evolution: personality is a genetic trait varies adaptation to changing environments.
  2. Psychodynamic Theory: personality comes from unconscious experiences we have in our childhood and youth.
  3. Social-Cognitive Approach: personality comes about from reward and punishment in social situations
  4. Humanistic/Existential Approach: personality comes about as we try to maximize our well-being and autonomy
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7
Q

What is the forer effect?

A

people assume general descriptions to be highly specific to them and their personality

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8
Q

How can we make valid personality tests?

A
  • indirect self-report: ask without signalling that you’re assessing a personality trait
  • catch items: questions that catch people lying or wanting to appear more socially desirable
  • converge multiple methods: compare self-report to reports by others
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9
Q

What is five factor theory?

A

openness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

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10
Q

What is openness to experience?

A

curiosity for experiencing new and varied things.
Related to intellect and imagination/creativity
People in high openness are often described as creative, dreamers, idealists with a need to learn
People low in openness prefer concrete facts rather than ideals; they are traditional, down-to-earth, practical and prefer routines

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11
Q

What is cosncientiousness?

A

degree of thoughtfulness, organization, and responsibility. Related to orderliness and industriousness
People high in conscientiousness typically do very well in school and are described as self-disciplined, exacting, focused and responsible.
People low in conscientiousness are more laid-back, and less goal and success oriented

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12
Q

What is extraversion?

A
  • for social activities, including feeling energized from interacting with others. Related to enthusiasm for and assertiveness in social situations
  • People high in extraversion “recharge” by hanging out with others; they are described as very social and fun-loving.
  • People low in extraversion (introverts) are not low in social skills, but instead “recharge” by being by themselves.
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13
Q

What is agreeablesness?

A
  • degree of kindness and need for social harmony as opposed to conflict. Related to one’s compassion, empathy, and politeness.
  • People high in agreeableness: considerate, kind, empathetic, and willing to compromise for others.
  • People low in agreeableness : skeptical and distrustful of other people and their motives and are not compromising in social situations.
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14
Q

What is neuroticism?

A
  • tendency to have negative, pessimistic, or unstable emotions. Related to emotional volatility and social withdrawal.
  • People high in neuroticism experience a lot of anxiety and stress, and are usually very self-conscious and shy.
  • People low in neuroticism: emotionally stable and not as affected by stressful situations.
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15
Q

Under what 2 pressures does adaptation emerge?

A
  • natural selection: selection of traits that support adaptive survival and procreation
  • sexual selection: selection of traits that promote adaptive reproduction by advertising a mate as eligible and unique
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16
Q

Define evolutionary psychology

A

studying psychology by treating human nature as universal adaptations shaped by principles of evolution

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17
Q

What are critiques of evolutionary psychology?

A
  • Just so stories: an unfalsifiable narrative explanation of psychology
  • Past environment is unknown and not static
  • Universal behaviours can emerge without evolutionary pressure
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18
Q

What is heritability?

A

high correlations in personality traits for identical vs. fraternal twinsW

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19
Q

What was the Silver fox experiment?

A

manipulates genes and environment
- wild foxes were domesticated within eight generations by only allowing those with a calm personality to have cubs
- tame foxes were embryonically implanted into wombs of aggressive mothers. And yet, when born and raised, they remained calm (and vice-versa).

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20
Q

What is locus of control?

A
  • tendency to perceive outcomes of a situation as Internal (controlled by yourself) or External (not controlled by you)
  • high internal locus of control tend to be more organized, friendly, healthy, and social
  • high external locus of control leads to anxiety
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21
Q

What does WEIRD mean for psychology participants?

A

Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic

22
Q

What are the 2 differences not accounted for by big-five model?

A
  • Individualistic cultures: in which the uniqueness of each individual person is strongly esteemed
  • collectivist cultures: in which social harmony outweighs the importance of each individual person
23
Q

What is Freud’s psychodynamic theory?

A

Mind made up of 3 systems that work separately:
- ID
- superego
- ego

24
Q

What is the superego?

A

unconscious system that develops through punishment and cultural experience and tells us what we cannot do, operating primarily through guilt and shame

25
Q

What is the ID?

A

unconscious system present at birth that is the source of our bodily needs, desires, and impulses (especially aggression and sex)

26
Q

What is the ego?

A

only one that we have any conscious access to
in contact with the real world and tries to find a balance between the id’s wants and the superego’s rules

27
Q

What are Freud’s psychosexual phases?

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

28
Q

What are psychosexual phases?

A
  • in each stage the child experiences pleasure for specific body areas and caregivers either provide or interfere with those pleasures.
  • Every person goes though all the stages in the same order
  • Stage successfully completed if child gets the kind of pleasure demanded by that stage
  • delayed or incomplete stage= fixation > slowing down of development and obsession with getting pleasure through that body area
29
Q

What is the oral stage?

A
  • focuses on pleasure of the mouth (sucking, chewing)
  • At the start of stage only the id exists
  • Ego will emerge before completion of stage
  • Insufficient oral pleasure= oral fixation > too much eating, thumb sucking, constant need for affection
30
Q

What is the anal stage?

A
  • focuses on pleasure of the anus (toilet train)
  • Superego continues to not exists even by the end of stage
  • insufficient anal pleasure= anal fixation > overly rigid and controlling personality, obsessed with material possessions
31
Q

What is the phallic stage?

A
  • focuses on pleasure of genitals/phallic region
  • Superego develops by end of this stage
  • boy discovers he has penis and wants pleasure from it
  • in typical nuclear family, the only available person for this source of pleasure is the mother. But – the father stands in the way
32
Q

What is the oedipus complex during the phallic stage?

A

developmental experience stage in which the (male) child experiences love towards their mother and fear of their father

33
Q

What is the electra complex during the phallic phase?

A
  • the id deeply desires a penis (“penis envy”) > girls become strongly attracted to their father and very angry at their mother, who they see as weak for lacking a penis.
  • for their father to love them, girls act more and more like their mothers, developing the superego and entering the latency stage.
  • Later, generalize their desire from their father onto other men.
34
Q

What is the latency phase?

A

child’s repressed conflicts lead to seeking friendship in non-erotic activities developing intellectual, creative, and interpersonal skills.

35
Q

What is the genital phase?

A
  • adult, mature personality emerges; people become capable
  • even after genital stage, id and superego are inflexible, uncompromising, demanding and loud
  • Id has desires that are inappropriate
  • Superego has overly strict rules that fill you with shame
36
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

unconscious tactics the ego uses to cope and reduce anxiety

37
Q

What is repression?

A

removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from the conscious mind

38
Q

What is rationalisation?

A

supplying reasonable sounding explanations for unacceptable feelings and behaviours to conceal one’s underlying motives or feelings

39
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite

40
Q

What is projection?

A

attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives or impulses to another person/group

41
Q

What is regression?

A

reverting to an immature behaviour/earlier stage of development, a time when things felt more secure to deal with internal conflict and perceived threat

42
Q

What is displacement?

A

shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative

43
Q

What is identification?

A

dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope

44
Q

What is sublimation?

A

channelling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities

45
Q

What does your personality emerge from according to Freud?

A
  • The perpetual unconscious conflict between your id, ego, and superego.
  • any unresolved fixations
  • From defense mechanisms that emerge when your ego is trying to prevent shame or impulses from reaching your consciousness.
46
Q

What are criticisms of Freud’s Psychodynamic theory?

A
  • No ID, ego and superego
  • No psychosexual stages
  • Cross-culturally poor effects
  • Non-falsifiable
47
Q

What are critiques of self-report tests?

A
  • Tendency to respond in socially desirable way (underreport unflattering things)
  • Many things we don’t know about ourselves and thus unable to report
48
Q

what are projective tests?

A
  • reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of their responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli
  • Designed to combat limitations of self-report
  • Developers assume that people will project personality factors that are below awareness (wishes, concerns, impulses, worldviews) onto ambiguous stimuli and won’t censor these responses
49
Q

What is a Rorschach Inkblot test?

A

projective technique in which respondents’ inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots

50
Q

What is a thematic apperception test?

A

projective technique in which respondents’ underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

51
Q

What are limitations of Projective techniques?

A
  • open to biases of examiner
  • not been found reliable or valid in predicting behaviour when measured by rigorous scientific criteria

Psych 102 (8 decks)

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