Social Flashcards
gender constancy
the perception gender is a permanent part of a person
Socialization
the process in which one acquires the beliefs, values, behaviors of a group
Sex-role stereotypes
beliefs about the types of characteristics and behaviors that are appropriate for boys and girls to process
Sex-typing
Treating others differently based on whether they are female or male
- From birth, children are treated differently based on gender
PIAGET’s opinion on play
children argue out their disagreements and acquire a new understanding of rules based on reason rather than authority
VYGOTSKY’s opinion on play
children learn through play how to control their own impulses and to abide by socially agreed-upon rules and roles
Attributions
judgments about the causes of our own and other people’s behavior and outcomes
Personal vs Situational
Behavior
Personal (internal): infers the person’s behavior is caused by their characteristics
Situational (external): infers aspects of the situation cause a behavior
Kelley’s Covariation Model: 3 domains of behavior assessment
Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Kelley’s Covariation Model Consistency
is this the behavior seen across time in the same situation?
high=stable
low=unstable circumstances
Kelley’s Covariation Model Distinctiveness
does this behavior occur across different situations?
high=external
low=internal
Kelley’s Covariation Model Consensus
do other people behave this way?
high=external
low=internal
Fundamental attribution error
A tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behavior
- higher in Western cultures (individualism)
Self-serving bias
the tendency to make relativity more personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failure
(western culture specifically)
Attitudes
positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus
(emotionally infused judgment)
- may influence behavior, generally predicts behavior
Theory of planned behavior
the view that our intention to engage in a behavior is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behavior, when subjective norms support our attitudes, and when we believe that he behavior is under our control
Theory of cognitive dissonance
The relationship between attitudes and behavior can be bidirectional
Cognitive dissonance
the theory that people strive to maintain consistency in their beliefs and actions,
and that inconsistency creates dissonance (unpleasant arousal that motivates people to restore balance by changing their cognitions)
Self perception theory
the theory that we make inferences about our own attitudes by observing how we behave (does not occur due to dissonance)
Primacy effect
the tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person (appearance; first thing we notice)
Recency effect
giving more importance to recent information
Stereotype
generalized belief about a group or category of people
Self-fulfilling prophecy
when people’s erroneous expectations lead them to act in a way that brings about the expected behaviors, thereby confirming the original impression
Social Influence
any change in an individual’s thoughts, feelings or behaviors caused by other people who may be actually present or is imagined, expected, or implied
Persuasion
attempt to change another person’s attitudes, beliefs, emotions
Persuasion method: The Communicator
-expertise and trustworthiness
-credibility: more effective if an expert is presenting the truth, unbiased
Persuasion method: The Message
-a 2-sided refutational approach as an effective method for presenting your side of an issue
-message with a moderate level of discrepancy is more effective than an extreme discrepancy message
Central route to persuasion
occurs when people think carefully about a message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling
Peripheral route to persuasion
-occurs when people do not scrutinize a message and are influenced by other factors, such as a speaker’s attractiveness or a message’s emotional appeal
-deeper, longer lasting, more predictive of future behavior
Social Facilitation
an increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the mere presence of others
-Triplett: cyclists’ speed is faster in a group (vs individual) races
Social norms
shared expectations about how people should behave, feel or think
Social role
set of norms that characterizes how people in a given social position ought to behave
Conformity
the adjustment of one’s opinions, judgements or actions so that they become more consistent with other people or normative standards
Informational social influence
Following the opinions or behavior of other people because we believe they have accurate knowledge and what they are doing is “right”
Normative social influence
Conformity motivated by gaining social acceptance and avoiding social rejection
Obedience
behavior in compliance with a direct command
Milgram obedience studies
inspired by nazis in holocaust
-participants were asked to shock someone up to 400v
-were they able to do these heinous acts just to obey their orders?
Norms of Reciprocity (Compliance)
the norm when other people treat us well, we should respond with kindness
Door-in-the-face Technique (Compliance)
a manipulation technique in which a persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it, and then presents a smaller request
Front-in-door Technique (Compliance)
a manipulation technique in which the persuader gets someone to comply with a small request first and later presents a larger request (consistency)
Lowballing (Compliance)
a manipulation technique in which a persuader gets someone to commit to some behavior and then increases the ‘cost’ of that same behavior (commitment)
Deindividuation
state of increased anonymity in which a person, often as part of a group or crowd, engages in disinhibited behavior (ex; people setting things of fire during riot)
-Think they will not be held accountable for their actions (ex; online bullying)
Social Loafing
the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group then when working alone (ex; group projects where some put in bare minimum effort)
Collective Effort Model
on a collective task, people will put forth effort only to the extent that they expect their effort to contribute to obtaining a valued goal
- bare minimum
Group Polarization
the tendency for the ‘average’ opinion of group members to become more extreme when like-minded people discuss an issue
Group Think
the tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are motivated to seek agreement (don’t want to rock the boat) trying to reach a consensus
