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PSYCH 105 > Social > Flashcards

Social Flashcards

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1
Q

gender constancy

A

the perception gender is a permanent part of a person

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2
Q

Socialization

A

the process in which one acquires the beliefs, values, behaviors of a group

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3
Q

Sex-role stereotypes

A

beliefs about the types of characteristics and behaviors that are appropriate for boys and girls to process

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4
Q

Sex-typing

A

Treating others differently based on whether they are female or male
- From birth, children are treated differently based on gender

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5
Q

PIAGET’s opinion on play

A

children argue out their disagreements and acquire a new understanding of rules based on reason rather than authority

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6
Q

VYGOTSKY’s opinion on play

A

children learn through play how to control their own impulses and to abide by socially agreed-upon rules and roles

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7
Q

Attributions

A

judgments about the causes of our own and other people’s behavior and outcomes

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8
Q

Personal vs Situational
Behavior

A

Personal (internal): infers the person’s behavior is caused by their characteristics

Situational (external): infers aspects of the situation cause a behavior

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9
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model: 3 domains of behavior assessment

A

Consistency
Distinctiveness
Consensus

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10
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model Consistency

A

is this the behavior seen across time in the same situation?

high=stable
low=unstable circumstances

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11
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model Distinctiveness

A

does this behavior occur across different situations?

high=external
low=internal

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12
Q

Kelley’s Covariation Model Consensus

A

do other people behave this way?

high=external
low=internal

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13
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

A tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behavior
- higher in Western cultures (individualism)

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14
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to make relativity more personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failure
(western culture specifically)

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15
Q

Attitudes

A

positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus

(emotionally infused judgment)
- may influence behavior, generally predicts behavior

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16
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

the view that our intention to engage in a behavior is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behavior, when subjective norms support our attitudes, and when we believe that he behavior is under our control

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17
Q

Theory of cognitive dissonance

A

The relationship between attitudes and behavior can be bidirectional

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18
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

the theory that people strive to maintain consistency in their beliefs and actions,
and that inconsistency creates dissonance (unpleasant arousal that motivates people to restore balance by changing their cognitions)

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19
Q

Self perception theory

A

the theory that we make inferences about our own attitudes by observing how we behave (does not occur due to dissonance)

20
Q

Primacy effect

A

the tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person (appearance; first thing we notice)

21
Q

Recency effect

A

giving more importance to recent information

22
Q

Stereotype

A

generalized belief about a group or category of people

23
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

when people’s erroneous expectations lead them to act in a way that brings about the expected behaviors, thereby confirming the original impression

24
Q

Social Influence

A

any change in an individual’s thoughts, feelings or behaviors caused by other people who may be actually present or is imagined, expected, or implied

25
Q

Persuasion

A

attempt to change another person’s attitudes, beliefs, emotions

26
Q

Persuasion method: The Communicator

A

-expertise and trustworthiness
-credibility: more effective if an expert is presenting the truth, unbiased

27
Q

Persuasion method: The Message

A

-a 2-sided refutational approach as an effective method for presenting your side of an issue
-message with a moderate level of discrepancy is more effective than an extreme discrepancy message

28
Q

Central route to persuasion

A

occurs when people think carefully about a message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling

29
Q

Peripheral route to persuasion

A

-occurs when people do not scrutinize a message and are influenced by other factors, such as a speaker’s attractiveness or a message’s emotional appeal
-deeper, longer lasting, more predictive of future behavior

30
Q

Social Facilitation

A

an increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the mere presence of others
-Triplett: cyclists’ speed is faster in a group (vs individual) races

31
Q

Social norms

A

shared expectations about how people should behave, feel or think

32
Q

Social role

A

set of norms that characterizes how people in a given social position ought to behave

33
Q

Conformity

A

the adjustment of one’s opinions, judgements or actions so that they become more consistent with other people or normative standards

34
Q

Informational social influence

A

Following the opinions or behavior of other people because we believe they have accurate knowledge and what they are doing is “right”

35
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conformity motivated by gaining social acceptance and avoiding social rejection

36
Q

Obedience

A

behavior in compliance with a direct command

37
Q

Milgram obedience studies

A

inspired by nazis in holocaust
-participants were asked to shock someone up to 400v
-were they able to do these heinous acts just to obey their orders?

38
Q

Norms of Reciprocity (Compliance)

A

the norm when other people treat us well, we should respond with kindness

39
Q

Door-in-the-face Technique (Compliance)

A

a manipulation technique in which a persuader makes a large request, expecting you to reject it, and then presents a smaller request

40
Q

Front-in-door Technique (Compliance)

A

a manipulation technique in which the persuader gets someone to comply with a small request first and later presents a larger request (consistency)

41
Q

Lowballing (Compliance)

A

a manipulation technique in which a persuader gets someone to commit to some behavior and then increases the ‘cost’ of that same behavior (commitment)

42
Q

Deindividuation

A

state of increased anonymity in which a person, often as part of a group or crowd, engages in disinhibited behavior (ex; people setting things of fire during riot)
-Think they will not be held accountable for their actions (ex; online bullying)

43
Q

Social Loafing

A

the tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group then when working alone (ex; group projects where some put in bare minimum effort)

44
Q

Collective Effort Model

A

on a collective task, people will put forth effort only to the extent that they expect their effort to contribute to obtaining a valued goal
- bare minimum

45
Q

Group Polarization

A

the tendency for the ‘average’ opinion of group members to become more extreme when like-minded people discuss an issue

46
Q

Group Think

A

the tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are motivated to seek agreement (don’t want to rock the boat) trying to reach a consensus

PSYCH 105 (10 decks)

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