language

Question 1

Language definition

Answer 1

a system of symbols and rules for combining these symbols in ways that can generate an infinite number of messages and meanings

Question 2

Syntax

Answer 2

the rules that govern the order of words

Question 3

Semantics

Answer 3

the meaning of words and sentences

Question 4

Generativity

Answer 4

characteristic of symbols of language that can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning
-ex; caring for children by guiding them through life

Question 5

Displacement

Answer 5

the capacity of language to represent objects and conditions that are not physically present

Question 6

Phoneme

Answer 6

the smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning

Question 7

Morpheme

Answer 7

the smallest unit of meaning in language

Question 8

Discourse

Answer 8

The level of the hierarchical structure of language in which sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books, conversations, and so forth

Question 9

Surface structure

Answer 9

A linguistic term for the words and organization of a spoken or written sentence; two sentences with different surface structure may still mean the same thing
-FACE VALUE

Question 10

Deep structure

Answer 10

A linguistic term that refers to the underlying meaning of a spoken or written sentence; the meanings that make up deep structure are stored as concepts and rules in long-term memory

Question 11

Bottom-up processing

Answer 11

perceptual processing that begins with the analysis of individual elements of the stimulus and works up to the brain’s integration of them into a unified perception

Question 12

Top-down processing

Answer 12

perceptual processing in which existing knowledge, concepts, ideas are applied to make sense of incoming stimulation

Question 13

Pragmatics

Answer 13

In language learning, a knowledge of the practical aspects of using language
-Sometimes people mean much more than what they say
-Socialized informed and contextualized (talking to a boss vs a friend)

Question 14

Language acquisition device (LAD)

Answer 14

An innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules common to all languages

Question 15

Language acquisition support system (LASS)

Answer 15

The factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of language

Question 16

Development of verbal language

Answer 16

Birth= crying, vocal signs of distress
2 months= cooing
6 months= babbling
8 months= begin to mimic pitch and rhythm
10 months= babble sounds resembling syllables and words of their native language
12 months= first words
2 years= telegraphic speech: condensed/abbreviated speech in which only the most central words, carrying the level of information are spoken
+2 years= speech development accelerates
5 years= basic grammar learned

Question 17

Aphasia

Answer 17

impairment of language affecting the production/comprehension of speech and the ability to read/write

Question 18

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 18

common in which there is loss of the ability to produce language in either speech or writing (non-fluent/expressive aphasia)

Question 19

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 19

Loss of the capacity to understand noises or speech, specifically to comprehend or repeat spoken language and specify items or traits (fluent/repetative aphasia)

Question 20

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 20

The idea that peoples language determines the ways in which they perceive and think about their world (Benjamin Whorf)