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PSYCH 105 > Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal behavior

A

Behavior that is personally distressing, personally dysfunctional, and/or so culturally deviant that other people judge it to be inappropriate or maladaptive

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2
Q

3 Approaches to psychological disorder

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological
  3. Sociocultural
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3
Q

Biological Approach to psychological disorder

A

Sees the cause being organic, internal causes

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4
Q

Psychological Approach to psychological disorders

A

Focuses on experiences, thoughts, emotions and personality characteristics to explain psychological disorders
- “It will never work so why even try” (negative thinking)

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5
Q

Sociocultural Approach to psychological disorders

A

Looks at social contexts peoples live in
- (Gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family, relationships, culture)

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6
Q

Medical Model

A

The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origins

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7
Q

Cultural-Bound Systems

A

Expressions of mental distress that are almost completely limited to specific cultural groups
- ex; Windingo psychosis
- ex; internet addiction

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8
Q

Bio-Psycho-Social model

A

Argues abnormal behavior can be influenced by all 3 (biological, psychological and sociocultural factors)

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9
Q

Vulnerability-stress hypothesis

A

A model that explains behavior disorders as resulting from predisposing biological factors that are triggered by a stressor
- Having a beer or two when stressed (drinking in response to stress)

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10
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.
- DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses

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11
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

A group of behavioral disorders in which anxiety and associated maladaptive behaviors are the core of the disturbance
- Tension, panicked, worrying, dwelling on thoughts, inability to cope with cause of anxiety, increased heart rate, fight or flight, tense muscles, shortness of breath

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12
Q

Phobia

Phobic Disorder

A

Strong and irrational fear of certain objects or situations

Specific phobias related to dogs, snakes, airplanes, illness etc
- usually developed in childhood or early adulthood

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13
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

Phobia of social situations in which a person might be evaluated and possibility embarrassed

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14
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Chronic state of diffuse (“free floating”) anxiety that is not attached to specific situation or objects

  • Can be caused by GABA deficiency and genetics (In childhood/adolescence)
  • Harsh standards, overly critical parents, automatic negative self-thoughts and history of uncontrollable traumas/stressors
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15
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks and a pervasive fear that another will occur
- is not tired to the environment, may appear randomly

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16
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and unwanted thoughts and compulsive behaviors

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17
Q

Obsessions VS
Compulsions

A

Obsessions: unwanted and disturbing thoughts/images that invades consciousness and is very difficult to control
- (“if i don’t _, then my family will die”) AKA superstitions
- ELICITS anxiety
Compulsions: repetitive act that the person feels compelled to carry out, often in response to an obsessive thought/image
- (washing hands, lack of symmetry in body)
- SOOTHES anxiety

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18
Q

Executive dysfunction model
VS
Modulatory control model

A

Executive dysfunction model argues the underlying problem is impulse control and behavioral inhibition

Modulatory control model argues it is a lack of control of socially appropriate behaviors

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19
Q

Eating disorders

A

The influence of cultural norms/expectation
(beauty standards)

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20
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

An eating disorder involving a severe and sometimes fatal restriction of food intake.
- High levels of self-control
- Losses periods, causes heart strain, bone loss, hair loss, death

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21
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder involving the bingeing and purging of food, usually by vomiting or laxative use, because of a concern with becoming fat. - Anxious and depressed, lower self-control
- Causes gastric problems, eroded teeth

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22
Q

Mood Disorders

A

Psychological disorders whose core conditions involve maladaptive mood states such as depression or mania

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23
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by intense depression that interferes markedly with functioning
- genetic factors

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24
Q

Chronic depressive disorder

A

A depressive mood disorder of moderate intensity that occurs over a long period of time but does not disrupt functioning as major depression does

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25
Q

Depressive cognitive triad

A

Negative thoughts concerning
1) the world,
2) oneself,
3) the future
that people with depression cannot control or suppress

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26
Q

Learned helplessness theory

A

A theory of depression that states if people are unable to control life events, they develop a state of helplessness that leads to depressive symptoms

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27
Q

Pessimistic attribution style

A

The tendency of depressed people to attribute negative outcomes to their own inadequacies and positive ones to factors outside themselves

28
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Mood disorder in which intermittent mania appears against a background of depression

29
Q

Mania

A

State of intense emotional and behavioral excitement in which a person feels very optimistic and energized

30
Q

Dissociation Disorder

A

Disorders that involve a major dissociation of personal identity or memory
- repression

31
Q

Dissociative amnesia

A

A disorder in which a person responds to a stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss

32
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

A dissociative phenomenon in which a person loses all sense of personal identity and wanders to another place and establishes a new identity

33
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

A dissociative disorder in which two or more separate identities/personalities coexist within an individual
- has hosts and alters
- DID

34
Q

Trauma-dissociation theory

A

A theory that accounts for the development of dissociative identity disorder in terms of dissociation as a defense against severe childhood trauma
(defensive personalities)

35
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A psychotic disorder involving serious impairment of attention, thought, language, emotion and behavior

(split mind, NOT DID)

36
Q

Delusions
VS
Hallucinations

A

Delusions: false beliefs that are sustained in the face of evidence that normally would be sufficient to destroy them

Hallucinations: false perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality (ex: auditory)
- seeing things, hearing things that aren’t there

37
Q

Type I
Vs
Type II
SCHIZOPHRENIA

A

TYPE I (positive symptoms)
- ADDED pathological extremes such as delusions, hallucinations and disordered speech/thinning
- good functioning prior to breakdown and better prognosis for recovery

TYPE II (negative symptoms)
- the ABSENCE of normal reactions such as lack of emotional expression, loss of motivation and absence of normal speech
- long history of poor functioning and poor outcome from treatment

38
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Stable, inflexible and maladaptive personality styles

39
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

A disorder involving behavior that is interpersonally destructive and emotionally harmful and exhibits a lack of conscience

40
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

A collection of symptoms characterized primarily by serious instability in behavior, emotion, identity, and interpersonal relationships

41
Q

Causes for sex differences (4)

A
  1. Differences in reporting and suppressing
    - reporting bias
  2. Clinicians’ expectations
    - Maybe be ‘expected’ in some more than others
  3. Different social roles and experiences
  4. Different ways in which we respond to stress
    - Internalizing VS Externalizing
42
Q

Treatments for Psychological Disorders (5)

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Humanistic
  3. Cognitive
  4. Behavioral
  5. Biological
43
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

A biomedical technique involving the application of electrical current to the brain that is used primarily to reduce severe depression
- Effects can be immediate BUT can cause seizures and memory loss

44
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Surgical cutting or production of lesions in portions of the brain
- Prefrontal lobotomy: Anterior portions of the frontal lobes were surgically separated from the rest of the brain
- New procedures: Destruction of very small areas of the brain

45
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

A

A technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain
- May cause intended behavioral effects and states of depression or aggression

46
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

why does this person have disturbing thoughts or actions; what is the core problem?

47
Q

Insight
VS
Interpretation

A

Insight: The conscious awareness of psychodynamics that underlie psychological problems
- Allows for adjusting behaviors/thoughts
Interpretation: A statement made by the analyst that is intended to promote insight in the client
- Make the unconscious conscious

48
Q

Free Association

A

Verbalizing all thoughts that enter consciousness without censorship

49
Q

Dream interpretation

Manifest content
VS
Latent content

A

Manifest content: The literal subject matter of the dream
Latent content: The underlying meaning of the symbols that make up the manifest content of the dream

50
Q

Resistance Response to Therapy

A

Largely unconscious maneuvers that protect clients from dealing with anxiety-arousing material in therapy

51
Q

Transference Response to Therapy

A

The psychoanalytic phenomenon in which a client responds irrationally to the analyst as if they were an important person from the client’s past who plays an important role in the client’s dynamics

52
Q

Humanistic Psychotherapies

A

Humanistic perspectives view humans as responsible for their choices and want personal growth and development
- Issues of distorted perceptions, lack of awareness about feelings, negative self-image, and threat to autonomy/integrity

53
Q

3 Important Attributes for a Therapist

A
  1. Unconditional positive regard
  2. Empathy
  3. Genuineness
54
Q

Cognitive Therapies

A

Challenging automatic, irrational and self defeating thought patterns when they thoughts come up

55
Q

Alberta Ellis (RET)

A

Rational Emotive Therapy

56
Q

Ellis’ ABCD model

A

Ellis thought people viewed their emotions were caused directly by an event but he argued it was the belief system that caused negative emotions

A: Activating environmental event (emotional response comes from beliefs that are activated by environment)
B: Beliefs that are activated by A
C: emotional and behavioral Consequences produced by B
D: Disputing an changing of B

57
Q

Musturbation

A

The irrational belief that one must have some particular thing/act in some particular way in order to be happy or worthwhile
- Ex: I must get straight As or I’m not smart/worthwhile/useful

58
Q

Aaron Beck (CT)

A

Beck’s goal, like Ellis, was to point out errors of thinking and logic and reprogram “automatic” thought patterns

  • Doesn’t follow the ABCD model but instead:
    Stressor -> Belief -> Reaction
59
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

From a behaviorist perspective, fears/phobias come from classically conditioned emotional responses

60
Q

Implosion therapy

A

Client imagines a particular, moderately fearful scene as vividly as possible, until it no longer seems frightening

61
Q

Aversion therapy

A

The pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS

62
Q

Social skills training

A

A technique in which a client learns more effective social behaviours by observing and imitating a skillful model

63
Q

Mindfulness based Treatments

A

A mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of immediate experience (Nonjudgmental appraisal)

64
Q

Openness
VS
Self-Relatedness

A

Openness: The client’s general willingness to invest themselves in therapy and take risks required to change

Self-relatedness: The client’s ability to experience and understand internal states, attuned to the processes underlying the therapist-client relationship, and apply what they learned in the real world

65
Q

Situation-focused prevention

A

Directed at reducing or eliminating the environmental causes of behavior disorders or at enhancing situational factors that help to prevent the development of disorders
- unemployment, discrimination, poverty

66
Q

Competency-focused prevention

A

Directed at increasing personal resources and coping skills
- Strengthening resistance to stress, improve social competencies, and building stronger support systems
- “Battlemind” and “You’re Not Alone”

PSYCH 105 (10 decks)

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