Developmental Psychology Flashcards
Preferential Looking Procedure
-Where researchers measure how long children look at one stimulus compared to another
-How can we speak to infants when they can read, write, speak?
Habituation in infants
infants will turn toward novel sounds but stop after frequent exposure
Classical conditioning in newborns
ex; newborns can be conditioned to associate touch on the forehead with getting milk
Operant conditioning in newborns
newborns can activate a recording of their mothers voice by learning a sucking patterns
Imitation in newborns
newborns will imitate adult facial expressions
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
learning happens through physical interaction with the environment
-Children’s thinking is fundamentally different than adults (qualitatively different)
-Apples and oranges (both fruit but different)
Assimilation
The process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schema
Accommodation
The process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change
STAGES of Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development (4)
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operations
Sensorimotor Stage
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 1
-touching, putting things in mouth to explore them
Object permanence: peek a boo
Preoperational Stage
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 2
-schemas enable child to symbolize objects and events are absent, but cannot think about reversible consequences
-Understanding based on appearances rather than principles
Concrete Operational Stage
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 3
-permit a child to think about reversible consequences(understanding physical principles)
-Tied closely to actual world experiences
Formal Operations
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 4
permits a person to think theoretically and apply principles even to actions that cannot actually be performed
-What things might/could be
-Can ‘think about thinking’ (metacognition)
Lev Vygotsky’s Sociological Theory
emphasizes the child’s interaction with the social environment
-Thinking is affected by values, beliefs, tools of intellectual adaptation found in a child’s culture
Zone of proximal development
range of activity a child can do in collaboration with more competent others but cannot yet do alone
Scaffolding
when experts provide responses that guide the novice to gradually increase their understanding of a problem
Information-Processing Perspective
sensory memory-> short-term (working) memory -> long-term memory
Theory of mind
-beliefs about the ‘mind’ and the ability to understand other people’s mental states (developed by age 4)
-False belief task and egocentrism (adopted by ages 5/6)
-Underlines deception and lying
Attachment
-The strong emotional bond between children and caregivers
-First few years of life are sensitive period for attachment
Imprinting
a simple yet profound and highly effective learning process that occurs during a critical period in the life of some animals
-Harry Harlow: studied attachment in rhesus monkeys (wire mother vs cloth mother)
Bowlby
3 phases of attachment development during infancy
Indiscriminate attachment (Bowlby)
Newborns cry, vocalize, and smile toward everyone
Discriminate attachment (Bowlby)
-3 months
-infants direct attachment behaviors towards familiar caregivers more than strangers
Specific attachment (Bowlby)
-7-8 months
-caregivers become a “secure base” for the infant
Ainsworth 4 attachment styles
Secure: explore the playroom, react positively to strangers, distressed when she leaves and happily greets her when she returns
Anxious-resistant: fearful when mother is present, demand her attention, are highly distressed when she leaves, not soothed when she returns and may deflect attempted contact
Anxious-avoidant: show few signs of attachment, seldom cry when the mother leaves and doesn’t seek contact when she returns
Disorgazised
Harry Harlow
-Studied attachment in rhesus monkeys (wire mother vs cloth mother)
-Attachment is not due to to the infants need for nourishment
-Attachment Deprivation: Monkeys were indifferent, terrified, abusive towards offspring
Bowlby’s 3 phases of attachment development during infancy
- Indiscriminate attachment: Newborns cry, vocalize, and smile toward everyone
- Discriminate attachment: 3 months, infants direct attachment behaviors towards familiar caregivers more than strangers
- Specific attachment: 7-8 months, caregivers become a “secure base” for the infant
Ainsworth’s 4 attachment styles
-
Secure: explore the playroom, react positively to strangers
- distressed when she leaves and happily greets her when she returns -
Anxious-resistant: fearful when mother is present, demand her attention
- highly distressed when she leaves, not soothed when she returns and may deflect attempted contant -
Anxious-avoidant: show few signs of attachment
- seldom cry when the mother leaves and doesn’t seek contact when she returns - Disorganised
Attachement deprivation
Leads to disastrous outcomes
- harlow’s monkeys were indifferent, terrified, abusive towards offspring
- Humans show social and emotional impairments
- Infancy is a sensitive period for developing attachment with a caregiver
