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PSYCH 105 > Attraction & Personality > Flashcards

Attraction & Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

-Repeated exposure to a stimulus predicts increases in liking of that stimulus
-Proximity and mere exposure forge a path towards friendship and romantic relationships
(work friends -> real friends)

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2
Q

Social exchange theory

A

A theory proposing that a social relationship can best be described in terms of exchanges of rewards and costs between the two partners

Rewards – Costs = Outcome

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3
Q

Prejudice

A

negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group (affective)

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4
Q

Overt prejudice VS Covert prejudice

A

Overt prejudice: hate groups
Covert prejudice: disguised, subtle, implicit (may hide or be unaware of their prejudice)

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5
Q

Discrimination

A

treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong (behavioral)

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6
Q

Social identity theory

A

A conceptual perspective on group processes and intergroup relations that assumes that
groups influence their members’ self concept and self-esteem, particularly
when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify strongly with the group

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7
Q

Personality

A

The biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within a person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting

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8
Q

Projective tests

A

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are assumed to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli
- Rorschach test (inkblot)

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9
Q

Rorschach test

A

Person is asked what ten inkblot look like and how they reached that conclusion
- a projective test

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10
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

the dynamic interplay of inner forces as a causal factor for behavior

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11
Q

Psychic energy

A

generated by instinctual drives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release

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12
Q

3 levels of Mental States
by Sigmund Freud

A
  1. Conscious
    (immediate awareness of current environment)
  2. Preconscious
    (available to awareness ex; friends names, addresses)
  3. Unconscious
    (unavailable to awareness ex; repressed wishes and conflicts)
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13
Q

3 structures of Personality
by Sigmund Freud

A
  1. ID
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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14
Q

ID

A

Instincts: The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts
DEVIL
-Pleasure Principle: drive for instant need gratification (gimme gimme now)

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15
Q

Ego

A

Reality: The “executive” of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictates of reality
ANGEL
Reality principle: The ego’s tendency to take reality into account and to act in a rational fashion in satisfying its needs

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16
Q

Superego

A

The awareness of angel and devil: The moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience

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17
Q

Repression

A

An active defensive process through which anxiety-arousing impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious mind.
‘Bottling it up’

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18
Q

Denial

A

A person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself.
- ‘Oh that’s nothing, idk what you’re talking about’
- Terminal cancer patients

19
Q

Intellectualization

A

The emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed, and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event

20
Q

Rationalization

A

A person constructs a false but plausible explanation/ excuse for an anxiety-arousing behavior or event that has already occurred

21
Q

Projection

A

An unacceptable impulse is repressed, and then attributed to (projected onto) other people
- Closeted gay people being very homophobic

22
Q

Reaction formation

A

An anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, and its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behavior

23
Q

Displacement

A

An unacceptable/ dangerous impulse is repressed, and then directed at a safer substitute target.
- Bullies lash out on easy victims due to abuse at home
- Man having bad day at work, comes home to abuse his wife

24
Q

Sublimation

A

A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable/ admired behavior.
- Subform of displacement

25
Q

what do Neo-freudians believe?

A
  • The role of social and cultural influences
  • Too much focus on early childhood experiences
  • Neo-freudians moved away from role of sexuality in driving human behavior
26
Q

Object relations

A

The images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregivers
- (ex: any authority figure should be treated as I treat my parents)

27
Q

Attachment Theory: Zayas & Shoda (2007)

A

Women with history of high-abuse relationships equally prefer desirable and abusive men;
Abusive men prefer women high in attachment anxiety

28
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Embraces a positive view of humanity, strive towards the realization of our full potential (self-actualization)

29
Q

Kelly’s Personal Construct

A

People’s primary goal is to make sense of the world and to find personal meaning in it

30
Q

Personal constructs

A

The cognitive categories used to sort events and make comparisons among people and events
- Individualized
- A key to understanding personality and behavior

31
Q

Roger’s self theory

A

Behavior is a reaction to immediate conscious experience of self and environment

32
Q

‘The self’

A

An organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself

33
Q

Self-consistency VS Conregrence

A

Self-consistency: the absence of conflict among self-perceptions
Conregrence: consistence between self-perceptions and experience
(ex; finding 100$ and returning to owner= congruent)

34
Q

Self-esteem

A

how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves

35
Q

High self-esteem VS Low self-esteem

A

High self-esteem: less susceptible to social pressure, fewer interpersonal problems, happiness, achievement, healthy relationships
Low self-esteem: depression, anxiety, poorer relationships, self-doubt in response to success

36
Q

Unconditional vs conditional positive regard

A

Unconditional: no matter your behavior, you believe you are still valuable as a person
(healthy)
Conditional: only a persona of value or worthy of love/respect if you meet specific standards
(unstable understanding of self) (unhealthy)

37
Q

Conditions of worth

A

internalized standards of self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others

38
Q

Self-Enhancement
according to ROGERS

A

people are motivated to preserve their self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence.
People are motivated to gain/maintain a positive self-image
Attribute success-> ourselves
Failures-> environmental factors

39
Q

Self-Verification

A

the tendency to try to verify/validate one’s existing self-concept– that is to satisfy congruence needs

40
Q

Eysenck’s model 3 basic personality dimensions

A
  1. Introversion-Extraversion:
    Sociable, active, risk taking, social inhibition, passivity, and caution
  2. Stability-Instability:
    Emotional stability, poise, moodiness, and worrying
  3. Psychoticism-Self-Control:
    Creativity, nonconformity, impulsivity, and social deviance
41
Q

The 5 Factor Model

A

OCEAN
Openness.
Conscientiousness.
Extraversion.
Agreeableness.
Neuroticism.

42
Q

Human agency

A
  • the idea that humans are active agents in their own lives
  • Behavior is cognitively based
  • Learning is observing how other people react/behave
43
Q

Consistency paradox

A

we perceive/expect people’s behavior to be consistent but actual consistency is low

44
Q

Cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)

A

There is a dynamic interplay between the characteristics a person brings to the situation and the characteristics of the situation

PSYCH 105 (10 decks)

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