Attraction & Personality Flashcards
Mere Exposure Effect
-Repeated exposure to a stimulus predicts increases in liking of that stimulus
-Proximity and mere exposure forge a path towards friendship and romantic relationships
(work friends -> real friends)
Social exchange theory
A theory proposing that a social relationship can best be described in terms of exchanges of rewards and costs between the two partners
Rewards – Costs = Outcome
Prejudice
negative attitude towards people based on their membership in a group (affective)
Overt prejudice VS Covert prejudice
Overt prejudice: hate groups
Covert prejudice: disguised, subtle, implicit (may hide or be unaware of their prejudice)
Discrimination
treating people unfairly based on the group to which they belong (behavioral)
Social identity theory
A conceptual perspective on group processes and intergroup relations that assumes that
groups influence their members’ self concept and self-esteem, particularly
when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify strongly with the group
Personality
The biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within a person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
Projective tests
Tests that present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are assumed to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli
- Rorschach test (inkblot)
Rorschach test
Person is asked what ten inkblot look like and how they reached that conclusion
- a projective test
Psychodynamic Perspective
the dynamic interplay of inner forces as a causal factor for behavior
Psychic energy
generated by instinctual drives, this energy powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release
3 levels of Mental States
by Sigmund Freud
-
Conscious
(immediate awareness of current environment) -
Preconscious
(available to awareness ex; friends names, addresses) -
Unconscious
(unavailable to awareness ex; repressed wishes and conflicts)
3 structures of Personality
by Sigmund Freud
- ID
- Ego
- Superego
ID
Instincts: The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts
DEVIL
-Pleasure Principle: drive for instant need gratification (gimme gimme now)
Ego
Reality: The “executive” of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictates of reality
ANGEL
Reality principle: The ego’s tendency to take reality into account and to act in a rational fashion in satisfying its needs
Superego
The awareness of angel and devil: The moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience
Repression
An active defensive process through which anxiety-arousing impulses or memories are pushed into the unconscious mind.
‘Bottling it up’
Denial
A person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. The denial may involve either the emotions connected with the event or the event itself.
- ‘Oh that’s nothing, idk what you’re talking about’
- Terminal cancer patients
Intellectualization
The emotion connected with an upsetting event is repressed, and the situation is dealt with as an intellectually interesting event
Rationalization
A person constructs a false but plausible explanation/ excuse for an anxiety-arousing behavior or event that has already occurred
Projection
An unacceptable impulse is repressed, and then attributed to (projected onto) other people
- Closeted gay people being very homophobic
Reaction formation
An anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed, and its psychic energy finds release in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behavior
Displacement
An unacceptable/ dangerous impulse is repressed, and then directed at a safer substitute target.
- Bullies lash out on easy victims due to abuse at home
- Man having bad day at work, comes home to abuse his wife
Sublimation
A repressed impulse is released in the form of a socially acceptable/ admired behavior.
- Subform of displacement
what do Neo-freudians believe?
- The role of social and cultural influences
- Too much focus on early childhood experiences
- Neo-freudians moved away from role of sexuality in driving human behavior
Object relations
The images or mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregivers
- (ex: any authority figure should be treated as I treat my parents)
Attachment Theory: Zayas & Shoda (2007)
Women with history of high-abuse relationships equally prefer desirable and abusive men;
Abusive men prefer women high in attachment anxiety
Humanistic Perspective
Embraces a positive view of humanity, strive towards the realization of our full potential (self-actualization)
Kelly’s Personal Construct
People’s primary goal is to make sense of the world and to find personal meaning in it
Personal constructs
The cognitive categories used to sort events and make comparisons among people and events
- Individualized
- A key to understanding personality and behavior
Roger’s self theory
Behavior is a reaction to immediate conscious experience of self and environment
‘The self’
An organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself
Self-consistency VS Conregrence
Self-consistency: the absence of conflict among self-perceptions
Conregrence: consistence between self-perceptions and experience
(ex; finding 100$ and returning to owner= congruent)
Self-esteem
how positively or negatively we feel about ourselves
High self-esteem VS Low self-esteem
High self-esteem: less susceptible to social pressure, fewer interpersonal problems, happiness, achievement, healthy relationships
Low self-esteem: depression, anxiety, poorer relationships, self-doubt in response to success
Unconditional vs conditional positive regard
Unconditional: no matter your behavior, you believe you are still valuable as a person
(healthy)
Conditional: only a persona of value or worthy of love/respect if you meet specific standards
(unstable understanding of self) (unhealthy)
Conditions of worth
internalized standards of self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others
Self-Enhancement
according to ROGERS
people are motivated to preserve their self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence.
People are motivated to gain/maintain a positive self-image
Attribute success-> ourselves
Failures-> environmental factors
Self-Verification
the tendency to try to verify/validate one’s existing self-concept– that is to satisfy congruence needs
Eysenck’s model 3 basic personality dimensions
-
Introversion-Extraversion:
Sociable, active, risk taking, social inhibition, passivity, and caution -
Stability-Instability:
Emotional stability, poise, moodiness, and worrying -
Psychoticism-Self-Control:
Creativity, nonconformity, impulsivity, and social deviance
The 5 Factor Model
OCEAN
Openness.
Conscientiousness.
Extraversion.
Agreeableness.
Neuroticism.
Human agency
- the idea that humans are active agents in their own lives
- Behavior is cognitively based
- Learning is observing how other people react/behave
Consistency paradox
we perceive/expect people’s behavior to be consistent but actual consistency is low
Cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)
There is a dynamic interplay between the characteristics a person brings to the situation and the characteristics of the situation
