Social Flashcards
When we explain others behaviors by crediting the situation or the person’s disposition (they only won because they cheated)
Attribution theory
tendency for observers to underestimate the importance of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Fundamental attribution error
change people’s attitudes through logical arguments and explanations; leads to long term behavior change
Central route to persuasion
Change people’s attitudes through incidental cues (e.g. attractiveness); leads to temporary behavior changes
;Peripheral route to persuasion
Complying with a small request which leads to going along with a larger request
Foot in the door phenomenon
When a large request is turned down which leads to one to become more likely to comply with a small request
Door in the face phenomenon
experiment where individuals were assigned to be guards and prisoners; they took on their roles within days and took it too far.
Stanford Prison Experiment
Two opposing thoughts conflict with each other, causing discomfort, which makes us find ways to justify the situation
Cognitive Dissonance
conforming to gain approval or to not stand out from the group
Normative social influence
Conforming to others because it is believed that their opinions are correct
Informational social influence
Experiment done by MILGRAM where participants were instructed to teach another individual by using shocks. 60% of participants would administer lethal shocks just because they were told to.
Obedience
Performing better on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
Social facilitation
Tendency of people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their effort together
Social loafing
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Deindividuation
The more time spent with a group the more similar their thoughts and opinions will become
Group polarization
Desire for harmony within a group leads to everyone going along with the same thinking, ignoring other possibilities
Group think
Groups make riskier decisions together rather than alone
Risky Shift
People with whom a common identity is shared; “US”
Ingroup
People perceived as different or not part of the group; “them”
Outgroup
Tendency to favor our own group
Ingroup bias
prejudice that offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else to blame
Scapegoat theory
Tendency to see your own group as more important than others
Ethnocentrism
Tendency for people to believe that the world is just and therefore people get what they deserve
Just-World Phenomenon
runs in families; can breed for in animals
Genetic influence
observing violence in others makes us more violent for a time
Environmental influence
frustration creates anger, which leads to aggression
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Mere exposure effect
pretty people are thought to be more credible and less likely to do bad things
Physical Attractiveness
We prefer people similar to us
Similarity
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Altruism
the more people around the less likely we are to help people
Bystander effect
social behavior is an exchange process that aims to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social exchange theory
We give so we can receive
Reciprocity Norm
Conflicting parties pursue their own interests which can result in destructive results (Prisoners dilemma)
Social Trap
win-win situation; conflict is which win you have to choose
Approach approach conflict
win- lose situation; outcome has positive and negative outcomes
Approach avoidance conflict
lose-lose; both outcomes are bad but you must choose one
avoidance avoidance conflict
2 or more win-lose situations; conflict is which to choose
Multiple approach avoidance conflict
what we consider important in ourselves is what we consider important in others
Self-concept bias
We overestimate the degree to which everyone else thinks/acts the way we do
False-consensus effect
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Self-fulfilling prophecy
readiness to perceive ourselves as favorable
Self-serving bias
Tendency of an individual to overestimate the extent which others are paying attention to them
Spotlight effect
