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Large Animal Medicine > Small Ruminant Respiratory Conditions > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Respiratory Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What predisposes small ruminants to respiratory disease?

A
  • poor ventilation (ammonia)
  • dusty environments
  • new animals in herd, comingling
  • travel
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2
Q

What is the normal small ruminant adult respiratory rate? When does this typically increase?

A

10-30 bpm

  • fever
  • endotoxemia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hypocalcemia
  • pain
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3
Q

When are extended heads and necks most commonly seen in cases of respiratory disease?

A
  • upper airway obstruction
  • severe pulmonary disease
  • pleuritis
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4
Q

What bot fly commonly infects small ruminants? How does it develop?

A

Oestrus ovis - inhabits the nasal passages of sheep > goat

  • gravid females deposit larvae in and around the nostrils without landing
  • clear-white larvae migrate into the nasal cavity
  • when mature, the larvae leave the nasal passages, drop to the ground, burrow down, and pupate
  • pupal period lasts 3-9 weeks, after which the fly emerges from the pupal case and pushes its way to the surface
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5
Q

What clinical signs are associated with nose bot myasis? What treatment is indicated?

A
  • clear and mucoid discharge, can become mucopurulent and tinged with blood due to the hooks and spines of the larvae
  • paroxysmal sneezing with migration of the larger larvae
  • septic sinusitis if larvae are unable to get out and die within the sinus

Ivermectin

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6
Q

What causes caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - chronic. debilitating disease characterized by suppurative, necrotizing inflammation of 1 or more LNs

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7
Q

What are 4 predisposing factors associated with caseous lymphadenitis? What animals are most commonly affected?

A
  1. dirty conditions while shearing
  2. faulty shearing
  3. abrasions
  4. wounds from fighting or grass seeds

adult sheep and goats

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8
Q

What serves as a source of infection of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

discharges from ruptured abscessed superficial LNs + nasal/oral secretions from animals with pulmonary abscesses draining into the bronchial tree

  • transmitted by direct contact with infective d/c or contaminated shearing equipment
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9
Q

What are the 2 forms of caseous lymphadenitis?

A
  1. SUPERFICIAL - palpable enlargement of one or more superficial LNs (submaxillary, prescapular, prefemoral, supramammary) –> commonly rupture with thick green to caseated pus with no odor as an onion-like structure
  2. VISCERAL - internal abscessation on organs –> chronic pneumonia, pyelonephritis, ataxia, fall in milk yields leading to poor growth and death of neonates
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10
Q

What are common postmortem lesions associated with caseous lymphadenitis?

A
  • emaciation
  • caseous abscesses filled with greenish-yellow pus in LNs
  • characteristic laminated or onion-ring-like appearance with layers of caseous materials separated by fibrous bands
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11
Q

What history is indicative of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

suppurative lymphadenitis of superficial LNs, especially after shearing, docking, or castration

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12
Q

What samples are used for diagnosing caseous lymphadenitis? What 5 diagnostics are done?

A

pus, biopsy of LNs, blood, serum

  1. examination of pus smears with a Gram stain –> G+ polymorphic rods
  2. culture on blood agar for 1-2 days - pinpoint, off-white, faintly hemolytic
  3. detection of toxins by insulation of suspected materials
  4. detection of antitoxins by IHT, ELISA, CFT, or agglutination tests
  5. hematological and serum biochemical analysis
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13
Q

What treatments are recommended for suppurative lymphadenitis?

A
  • antibiotics - Penicillin, OTC, PPG –> typically not enough by itself due to suppuration and cell wall lipids
  • surgical evacuation of pus and washing with antiseptic
  • surgical extraction of infected LNs
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14
Q

What are 4 ways that caseous lymphadenitis can be controlled?

A
  1. isolation and culling of infected sheep
  2. sanitary care during shearing, castration, or docking
  3. dip lambs and then adults to decrease chance of lamb infection
  4. vaccination - killed whole organism or toxoid - limits infection
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15
Q

What causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP)? How is it transmitted? What are the primary hosts?

A

Mycoplasma pneumonias

aerosol droplets

goats > sheep, wild ruminants

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16
Q

What clinical signs are associated with CCPP? What is seen postmortem?

A
  • weakness, anorexia
  • cough, tachypnea
  • nasal discharge
  • fever (104.5-106 F)
  • KIDS = polyarthritis, respiratory disease, agalactia = typical triad in Mycoplasma outbreaks in goat herds

straw-colored pleural effusion and acute fibrinous pneumonia

17
Q

What is necessary for proper control of CCPP? What treatment is indicated?

A

quarantine of affected flocks and strict biosecurity for introduction of new animals

Tylosin or long-acting OTC

18
Q

What causes enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma? What clinical signs are seen?

A

retrovirus infects mucosal nasal glands in sheep and goats induces the development of tumors that obstruct nasal passages

  • exophthalmos or skull deformation
  • weight loss - airflow obstruction interferes with feeding
  • most commonly seen in young animals with a hereditary predisposition
19
Q

How is enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma diagnosed? What treatment is indicated?

A
  • dorsoventral radiographs
  • confirmed with histology and INH
  • serologic tests are not available

euthanasia - protects the remainder of the flock, surgery not indicated due to virally-induced tumor expected to return

20
Q

What are 4 common causes of aspiration pneumonia in small ruminants? How do these animals present?

A
  1. improper drenching - deposition of medications in lungs
  2. white muscle disease - deficient vit E/Se impair function of muscles of deglutition
  3. poor dipping technique with repeated immersion of patient’s head
  4. FB aspiration

separate from the group, pyrexic (104-105 F), arched back, reluctance to move, fetid smell to breath, mentally dull, dark red MM

21
Q

How is aspiration pneumonia prevented? Treated?

A
  • careful attention to use of appropriate techniques for naso/orogastric administrations of fluids/medications
  • management of conditions that lead to prolonged weakness and recumbency

antibiotics + hydration + nutritional support + anti-inflammatories

22
Q

What are 3 species of lungworms that affect sheep and goats?

A
  1. Dictyocaulus filaria
  2. Muellerius capillaris
  3. Protostrongylus rufescens
23
Q

Lungworms:

A
24
Q

Lungworm lifecycle:

A
25
Q

How do lungworms cause disease? What signs are associated?

A

adults live in bronchi and cause alveolar/bronchial damage, resulting in blockage by exudates and collapsed lungs

  • dyspnea
  • cough
  • intestinal irritation
  • hypersensitivity
  • loss of condition
  • fever, toxemia
26
Q

What postmortem lesions are seen in cases of lungworm infection in small ruminants?

A
  • exudate in bronchioles and scattered patches of consolidation
  • enlarged lungs due to edema and emphysema
  • widespread areas of collapsed tissue with dark pink, hemorrhagic bronchitis
  • fluid-filled air passages
  • enlarged LNs
27
Q

How are lunworm infections diagnosed? Treted?

A

Baermann + ELISA to detect antibodies

  • broad-spectrum anthelmintics
  • antimicrobials for secondary bacterial infections
  • anti-inflammatories
28
Q

How is lungworm infection controlled?

A
  • vaccination with irradiated larvae
  • reduce exposure
  • regular deworming
  • hygiene
29
Q

What 2 disease processes does Pasteurellosis cause in ruminants?

A
  1. pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping fever - cattle (6 months to 2 years) within 10 days of shipping, bronchopneumonia and pleuritis (Pasteurella multocida/hemolytica)
  2. summer pneumonia - Mannheimia hemolytica

(Pasteurella species are normal commensal organisms in the nasopharynx of cattle, sheep, and goats)

30
Q

What are some predisposing factors to Pasteurellosis?

A
  • viral infection - PI3, IBR
  • Mycoplasmia infection
  • Chlamydia infection
  • transportation
  • exposure to cold or hot weather, wet conditions
  • overcrowding
  • malnutrition, hunger, dehydration
  • dipping
  • trauma
31
Q

What clinical signs are indicative of Pasteurella pneumonia?

A
  • sudden onset of depression, lethargy, and inappetence
  • separation from flock
  • increased RR with abdominal effort
  • fever (>105)
32
Q

How is Pasteurella pneumonia diagnosed? What treatment is recommended?

A

transtracheal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage, gross necropsy

  • antimicrobials
  • ancillary anti-inflammatories, antihistamine, and bronchodilators
  • mucolytics and expectorants
  • vitamin E and selenium
  • fluids
  • metaphylaxis of high-risk populations
33
Q

Pasteurellosis:

A
34
Q

Pasteurellosis, postmortem:

A
35
Q

How can Pasteurellosis be controlled?

A
  • good husbandry and hygiene
  • avoid overcrowding, draughty or unventilated housing, exposure to inclement weather
  • avoid sudden changes in environmental conditions
  • easily digestible and palatable food
  • injections of vitamin C and A to increase immunity
  • glucose + fluids

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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