Food Animal Respiratory Disease Flashcards
What are ruminants with previous lung damage more susceptible to?
- heat stress
- respiratory infection
What are the normal respiratory rates of adult bovines, goats, sheep, and pigs?
15-35 bpm
15-40 bpm
12-20 bpm
10-20 bpm
What are the normal respiratory rates of neonatal calves, lambs, and kids?
20-40 bpm
30-70 bpm
40-65 bpm
What are 3 especially important parts of the physical exam for cases of respiratory disease?
- rectal temperature
- digestive system - bloat
- thorax - RR and pattern
What are 3 changes in respiration indicative of respiratory disease? What causes each?
- increased inspiratory effort - cranial to the thoracic inlet (upper airway)
- increased expiratory effort - intrathoracic (lower airway, commonly accompanied by a grunt)
- breathing through nose or mouth
What is indicative of respiratory disease in this cow?
extended neck + recumbent
How can breathing be induced in cattle during a respiratory exam?
rectal sleeve over nose
- referred sounds can be heard over trachea and larynx
How can heart sounds and percussion be affected by respiratory disease?
muffled, normal, or louder
simultaneous percussion over ribs and auscultation can identify areas of consolidation
Thoracic exam, left vs. right:
- right = more lung lobes
- left = easier to hear heart sounds
What are alveoli? Surfactant?
moist, thin-walled pockets of the lungs where gas exchange occurs
oily liquid that covers alveolar walls and prevents their collapse and sticking together
Thoracic examination, left:
less lobes
What are the 2 layers of pleura on the lungs?
- parietal - covers inner thoracic wall
- viscera - covers lungs
space between - pleura cavity
What is considered the upper airway? How is it examined?
trachea and larynx
- palpated -may elicit a cough or pain
- auscultation
How is the head examined, especially in cases of suspected respiratory disease?
- symmetry of face, head, and neck
- eyes - discharge, conjunctivitis, ulcers (keratitis)
- sinuses - swelling, percussion
How is the nose examined in cases of suspected respiratory disease?
- discharge- serous (early disease), mucopurulent (advanced), uni/bilateral
- symmetrical air flow
- mucosa - inflammation, vesicles, ulcers, erosions
How is the oral cavity examined in cases of suspected respiratory disease?
- odor of breath - necrotic = late stage foul odor
- inflammation - reddening
- vesicles, ulcers, erosions - viral
- visualization of pharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx (difficult!)
- palate pharynx/larynx
What are some diagnostic aides for respiratory disease?
- CBC
- parasitology - Baerman
- thoracic radiography and U/S
- endoscopy
- transtracheal washing
- nasal or laryngeal swabs
- blood gas analysis