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Large Animal Medicine > Mastitis Treatment & Control > Flashcards

Mastitis Treatment & Control Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 things influence response to antibacterial treatment?

A
  1. immune response
  2. severity of mastitis
  3. duration of infection
  4. causative pathogen
  5. drug used
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2
Q

Grades of mastitis, clinical signs, and treatment:

A
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3
Q

What are the major therapies of choice for treating peracute/acute and subacute/chronic mastitis during the lactation period?

A

systemic treatment, intrammamary infusion, NSAIDs, fluid therapy

topical application, enzymes, intramammary infusion, during off

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4
Q

What are the 5 most common causes of mastitis therapy failure?

A
  1. stopping therapy too soon
  2. swollen udder parenchyma/blocked milk ducts
  3. scar tissue and microabscesses (block treatment)
  4. inactivation by milk and tissue proteins
  5. microbial resistance
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5
Q

What are some common antibiotics used for treating mastitis?

A
  • Synulox - Clavamox + Prednisone, intrammamary suspension, IM, SQ
  • Amoxykel - IM
  • Terrexine - Cefalexin monohydrate + Kanamycin monosulphate, intramammary infusion
  • Mastilex - Cephalexin + Gentamycin, intrammamary
  • Tetra-Delta - PPG + Neomycin + Dihydrostreptomycin + Prednisone + Novobiocin
  • PBP
  • TMS
  • Kombitrim - IM, SQ, IV
  • Borgal - IM, SQ, IV
  • Aquaprim - IM, SQ, IV
  • Polymast - intrammamary suspension
  • Tylo-Kel - deep IM
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6
Q

What treatment is ideal for Mycoplasmal mastitis?

A

Tylan 200 –> controls mastitis andn SCCs in lactation, at drying off, and 2/3 weeks before calving

  • use one 100 mL bottle per cow IM
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7
Q

Other than antibiotics, what treatment is commonly added for mastitis?

A

analgesia and anti-inflammatories

  • Finadyne (Flunixin meglumine) - IV, IM
  • Dicloprima
  • Dicloflame
  • Diclofenile
  • Buta-Fenil
  • Arthridine (Phenylbutazone) - IV, IM
  • Phenylo-Ject
  • Rimadyl
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8
Q

How long is the recommended dry period? What are the 3 steps to treating cows at this period?

A

45-50 days where cow is not lactating between milk removal and subsequent calving to optimize milk production in the next lactation

  1. withdraw all grain and water before the start of the dry period
  2. halt milking abruptly for 45-50 days before expected date of parturition
  3. infuse udder with slow release, long-acting antibiotics

(clinical and subclinical, prophylactic)

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9
Q

What are the 6 advantages of dry cow therapy?

A
  1. reduced incidence of new infections during first 3-4 weeks of dry period
  2. higher cure rate compared to lactational treatment
  3. regenerates damaged secretory tissues
  4. reduce incidence of mastitis in next lactation
  5. avoid milk loss due to treatment during lactation
  6. reduced levels of mastitis, translating into increased milk production of better quality = $$$
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10
Q

How are quarter not responding to treatment dried off? What should be done if a severe reaction occurs?

A

infusion of 3% silver nitrate, 5% copper sulphate, or 1:500 acriflavine (may need 2 treatments)

milk quarter out until reaction subsides

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11
Q

What are 3 common antibiotics used for treatment of mastitis in dry cows?

A
  1. Bovaclox - cloxacillin + ampicillin (summer mastitis), at least 30 days before calving –> 1 syringe per quarter immediately after final milking
  2. Drycloxakel - cloxacillin - best at drying off period, start at least 35 days before expected calving date
  3. Orbenin - cloxacillin - prophylactic treatment of bovine mastitis in nonlactating cows due to S. aureus and S. agalactiae, do not give within 4 weeks of calving and hold meat for 28 days
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12
Q

How is contagious and environmental mastitis prevented?

A

test and treat program, dry cow treatment, prevent spread of infection

reduce susceptibility

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13
Q

What are the 4 major ways that mastitis is eliminated?

A
  1. culling
  2. treat in lactation
  3. treat at drying off
  4. spontaneous recovery
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14
Q

What are some examples of contagious mastitis control?

A
  • dip teats in germicides
  • treat quarters with dry cow antibiotics at the end of lactation
  • milking order or separate claw for infected cows
  • flush milk claws after milking infected cows
  • individual cloth/towels to wash/dry teats
  • clean hands, use latex gloves
  • cull persistently infected cows
  • minimize teat end lesions
  • dry treat heifers before calving
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15
Q

What is the test and treat program? How are cows tested?

A

detection of infected quarters or cows and treatment during lactation or dry periods

  • palpation of milked out gland
  • electric conductivity test
  • CMT
  • laboratory culture of milk
  • antibiotic sensitivity test
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16
Q

What are 4 options for preventing mastitis before milking?

A
  1. monitor udder health regularly - regularly inspect udder health and milk quality (DeLaval cell counter, CMT) and develop benchmarks for each cow/herd
  2. proper milking order - first calf heifers –> fresh cows –> main herd –> sick cows –> wash/sanitize milking system
  3. foremilk cows - remove 2-3 squirts of foremilk and examine it using a strip cup to initiate milk let-down and prevent abnormal milk from entering tank
  4. clean teats and ends - wipe each teat using a single service paper or cloth (one per cow!)
17
Q

What are 4 ways to prevent mastitis during milking?

A
  1. check milking system - propervacuum and pulsation systems
  2. attach milking cluster at appropriate time - within 60-90 s of all teat preparation, minimize air entry into units, must be properly balanced with no twisting
  3. avoid overmilking - causes hyperkeratosis, sensors used to detect lower flow
  4. proper removal of cluster - shut off vacuum before removing the unit, do NOT squeeze udder and pull down on milking units which leads to air entry
18
Q

What are 4 ways of controlling mastitis after milking?

A
  1. sanitize teats after each milking - most effective to prevent contagious mastitis
  2. clean milking equipment immediately after milking - clean AND sanitize, allow system to dry
  3. properly cool milk - proper refrigeration temps slow or stop growth of most bacteria
  4. monitor milk quality, milking equipment, and performance data regularly - replace liners and rubber goods (old rubber becomes cracked and porous, which influences milking performance and increases risk of soil and bacterial build-up)
19
Q

What are 2 possible mastitis vaccines used? How effective are they?

A
  1. E. coli J5, 42 day withdrawal
  2. Staphylococcus areus Lysigin - highly antigenic polyvalent somatic antigen containing phage types I, II, III, IV

effective immunization is difficult - milk dilutes immune cells, fat and casino reduce bactericidal abilities of immune cells, cows are constantly exposed to numerous bacteria, milk is an excellent substrate for growth

20
Q

Which is considered proper placement of teatcups?

A

LEFT

21
Q

Milking machine:

A

proper function of entire machine is necessary or control of contagious mastitis

22
Q

How can environmental mastitis be controlled?

A

reduce susceptibililty –> more difficult, most are resistant to germicides in teat dip and antibiotics in dry therapy

  • ID source and remove it - bedding ponds, mud
  • artificially increase resistance with vaccination
  • clip or flame udders
  • milk only clean, dry teats
  • clean parlor, stalls, and bedding
  • barrier dip
  • predip before milking
  • keep cows standing after milking and feeding to allow closure of streak canal
  • only use sterile single-dose infusion products with sterile technique
23
Q

What are the main 3 types of milking parlors?

A
  1. parallel
  2. herringbone
  3. rotary
24
Q

What are the major advantages and disadvantages to rotary milking parlors?

A

forms an assembly line, cows like it

long vs slow milkers, not many expansion options

25
Q

How do you know cows are comfortable in their laying area?

A
  • fit entirely in the stall
  • no feces accumulation
26
Q

The lactating udder weighs 50-60 kg. How is the weight supported?

A

dense fibrous suspensory ligaments

27
Q

How does coliform mastitis compare to Staphylococcal mastitis?

A

COLIFORM = rapidly clinical, high cure rates, higher rates of spontaneous elimination

STAPH = persist as subclinical infections for weeks or months, lower cure rates, low rates of spontaneous elimination

28
Q

What is the most important immune component of the udder?

A

phagocytosis of invading organisms by polymorphonuclear leukocytes

29
Q

When are mastitis infection rates highest? Clinical mastitis?

A

early dry period - do not typically persist or develop into clinical mastitis until the next lactation

at calving and in the first 3 months of lactation (typically increases with lactation number) –> high new infection rate in dry period, periparturient suppression of host

30
Q

What contributes to the increased rate of mastitis with age?

A

increased ease of penetration of the teat duct by pathogens and accumulated previous infections

31
Q

What pathogens colonize the streak canal?

A
  • Staph. aureus
  • Strep. dysgalactiae
  • Corynebacterium bovis
  • coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

can persist for long periods in the absence of intrammary infection, but can be prevented by post-milking teat disinfection

32
Q

How does coliform mastitis compare to others in pathogenesis?

A

rarely colonize the teat duct

33
Q

Bovine mastitis is…

a. common at the first 2 months of lactation
b. common in the early part of the dry period
c. common in older cattle (7 years, >4 lactations)
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

D

34
Q

Which of the following is true about clinical mastitis?

a. there are changes in milk, udder, and animals
b. contagious pathogens are most commonly the causative agents
c. rapid response to treatment
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

A, C

35
Q

Which of the following is true about subclinical mastitis?

a. normal milk, udder, and animal
b. environmental pathogens are the causative agent
c. typically there is slow response to treatment
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

A

36
Q

Which of the following is true about contagious mastitis?

a. udder and teats are reservoirs of infection
b. transmission is mainly during the milking process
c. E. coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes are common causative agents
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

A, B

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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