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Large Animal Medicine > Cardiovascular Disease of Cattle > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease of Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What are some signs suggestive of heart disease?

A
  • abnormal heart sounds - murmur, muffling, arrhythmia
  • distended jugular pulse - over 1/2 way up the neck and remains after being held off longer than a couple seconds
  • abducted elbows - expanded heart, discomfort
  • exercise intolerance/respiratory distress
  • edema (normal in udders of pregnant/lactating cows)
  • thrills - palpable turbulence of heart
  • pale, cyanotic, or tacky mucous membranes
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2
Q

Why does heart disease cause exercise intolerance?

A

increased hydrostatic pressure causes edema or shunts increasing unoxygenated blood content

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3
Q

How can pulse/heart rates be palpated in cows? What does it depend on?

A

auscultation, palpate jugular, rectal palpation of aorta

  • excitement, exercise
  • breed
  • location
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4
Q

What are the normal HR of cattle, calves, small ruminants, and pigs?

A

40-90 bpm

100-120/140 bpm

70-90 bpm

60-100 bpm

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5
Q

What is the most common congenital defect in the cardiovascular system of cattle?

A

VSD

  • large = quieter
  • small = loud, increased pressure
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6
Q

What is the most common presentation associated with congenital cardiovascular disease? How are they treated?

A

inactive neonate with tachypnea, focusing on laying down and breathing + obvious mumur —> may still be nursing

euthanize —> little QoL, no practical or economical treatments

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7
Q

What are the major signs of congenital cardiovascular disease?

A
  • poor growth
  • lethargy
  • dyspnea, exercise intolerance
  • congestive heart failure
  • other congenital defects common
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8
Q

Fetal vs adult blood flow:

A
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9
Q

How does a VSD affect blood flow? What are the 3 most common signs?

A

left to right —> deoxygenated blood sent into circulation

  1. cyanosis
  2. harsh, plateau holosystolic murmur heard on both sides of the thorax with a PMI on the right
  3. palpable cardiac thrill
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10
Q

In what 2 breeds is VSD most common? How is it diagnosed on the field and in the hospital?

A

Limousine, Hereford

murmur, consistent clinical signs, necropsy

(waste of money) - radiographs, echo, nuclear angiocardiography, cardiac pressure

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11
Q

What are some other congenital cardiovascular defects seen in cattle?

A
  • PDA
  • atrial septal defect
  • tetralogy of Fallot
  • pulmonic valve stenosis
  • truncus arteriosus
  • ectopia cordis cervicalis
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12
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial endocarditis in cattle? What part of the heart is most commonly affected?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

tricuspid valve

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13
Q

What signs are associated with bacterial endocarditis?

A

RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE

  • tachycardia, tachypnea
  • jugular vein distention, palpable pulse
  • progressive edema
  • systolic murmur
  • fever, shifting leg lameness, cough, anorexia
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14
Q

Cardiovascular disease:

A

distended jugular > 1/2 neck

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15
Q

Bacterial endocarditis:

A

cauliflower-like lesion on valve

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16
Q

Bacterial endocarditis:

A

abscess in lung with leakage —> blood, epistaxis

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17
Q

Bacterial endocarditis:

A

lung abscesses

18
Q

What diagnostics can be used for bacterial endocarditis?

A
  • frequent blood cultures
  • bloodwork - leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperglobulinemia, anemia of chronic disease
  • thoracic radiograph
  • ECG
  • echo - vegetations appear as echogenic shaggy or cystic masses

(poor prognosis - not generally worth running these tests)

19
Q

What treatment is available for bacterial endocarditis? What is reserved for cattle with clinical signs?

A
  • long-term antibiotics of at least 4-6 weeks
  • steroids
  • diuretics, restrict sodium

digoxin (typically resistant to diuretics)

(grave prognosis!)

20
Q

What is brisket disease (cor pulmone, pulmonary hypertension)? What makes it worse?

A

increased pulmonary artery pressure due to hypoxia in high altitudes causes vasoconstriction and right-sided heart failure

other lung-associated diseases —> chronic bronchopneumonia, lungworm infection

21
Q

What are the 3 most common signs associated with brisket disease?

A
  1. edema of the brisket, ventral thorax, submandibular area, and limbs
  2. jugular venous distention and/or pulsations
  3. murmur

(RIGHT-SIDED HEART FAILURE)

22
Q

How is brisket disease diagnosed?

A

history of high altitude and presence on feedlot

  • neutrophilia with lung disease
  • bronchopneumonia, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis seen on radiographs
  • TTW, fluid cytology, culture
  • fecal sedimentation with suspected lungworms
  • echo
  • central venous pressure
23
Q

How does bovine congestive heart failure compare to brisket disease? What can predict development of this disease?

A
  • not caused by high altitudes, more of a genetic relation (no control)
  • affects both sides of the heart
  • common in feedlot cattle

pulmonary arterial pressure test

24
Q

How is brisket disease/BCHF treated? Prevented?

A
  • return to lower altitude, administer oxygen
  • thoracocentesis
  • antibiotics and deworming to treat primary lung disease
  • digoxin
  • diuretics

eliminate predisposing genetic susceptibility

25
Q

At what altitudes is brisket disease seen? How long does it take for signs are seen in susceptible cattle?

A

above 5000 feet

2 weeks

26
Q

Which of the following has the best prognosis?

a. calf with congenital heart defect
b. bull with bacterial endocarditis
c. beef cow with brisket disease

A

C

  • reversible if caught early enough and brought down to lower altitudes
27
Q

What are the 3 major causes of cardiomyopathy in large animals?

A
  1. ionophores - Monensin, Lasalocid (growth promoters, coccidiostats)
  2. gossypol (cottonseed) toxicity
  3. vitamin E or selenium toxicity - in pigs, mulberry heart disease
28
Q

What are the 4 most common causes of pericarditis?

A
  1. FB or external wounds
  2. hematogenous spread
  3. extension of infection from lung or pleura
  4. neoplasia - lymphoma/LSA

(Trueperella pyogenes)

29
Q

What are the most common signs associated with pericarditis?

A
  • peripheral edema, jugular venous distension
  • tachypnea, dyspnea
  • PAIN - abnormal stance, abducted elbows, spontaneous expiratory grunt, reluctance to move
  • muffled heart sounds
  • splashing/washing machine murmur
30
Q

What 3 things make cattle grunt?

A
  1. peritonitis
  2. pleuritis
  3. pericarditis

(PAINFUL)

31
Q

How is pericarditis diagnosed?

A
  • CLIN PATH = leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperglobulinemia, elevated AST, CPK, and LDH
  • RADS = fluid or gas accumulation in pericardium
  • ECG = decreased amplitude of QRS
  • ECHO = space between visceral and parietal pericardium
  • PERICARDIOCENTESIS = L 5th ICS
32
Q

What treatments are used for pericarditis?

A

treatment is unrewarding

  • salvage, survival to calving
  • repeated pericardial drainage (pericardiocentesis, 5th rib resection, lavage, pericardiectomy)
  • long-term antibiotics
  • diuretics
33
Q

What is the most common cardiac tumor of cattle?

A

LSA —> most common on right atrial/ventricular myocardium

> 4 y/o

34
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia in cattle? What are the 3 most common causes?

A

atrial fibrillation

  1. heart disease
  2. GI disturbance associated with vagal stimuli, severe respiratory disorders, electrolyte abnormalities, and organic brain disease (displaced abomasum!)
  3. allergic reaction of vitamin E/selenium or vaccines
35
Q

How do most cattle with atrial fibrillation appear? What drug can maintain this arrhythmia?

A

far off look into space

neostigmine

36
Q

Is treatment required for atrial fibrillation in cattle? What are 3 options?

A

NO - tends to convert to normal sinus rhythm without treatment and is asymptomatic at rest

  1. acid-base and electrolyte corrections
  2. digoxin
  3. quinidine
37
Q

What are 3 signs of atrial fibrillation on ECGs?

A
  1. absence of P waves
  2. F waves - fine baseline undulations
  3. rapid ventricular rate with an irregular rhythm (120 bpm)
38
Q

What is the preferred treatment for atrial fibrillation in cattle?

a. digoxin
b. electric shock therapy
c. no treatment, let it run its course
d. quinidine

A

C

39
Q

What is bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency? What signs are most common?

A

inherited diseaes of Holstein cattle due to a lack of surface glycoproteins on WBC important for adhesion, resulting in decreased margination

onset of pneumonia, gingivitis, periodontitis, and peripheral lymphadenopathy in cattle 2 weeks to 8 months

40
Q

What is hallmark on clinical pathology in cases of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

severe neutrophilia, usually without a left shift

  • can’t marginate, all WBCs in circulation
41
Q

What is prognosis of BLAD like? What is a common differential?

A

grave, consistently fatal

mucosal disease —> BLAD is more common in younger (Holsteins!)

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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