Ruminant GI Disease Flashcards
What changes in the oral cavity may be caused by viral disease?
red or ulcerated hard palate rugae
What is stomatitis? What are some signs?
inflammation of the oral mucosa
- decreased appetite
- slobbering
- abnormal chewing movements
- necrotic odor
- vesicles, erosions, ulcerations
- fever
- diarrhea
What animals are affected by vesicular stomatitis? How does this compare to foot and mouth disease?
cattle, horses, swine –> still seen in US, starts in the south and moves up as weather warms up
foot and mouth disease does not affect horses –> eradicated in the US
What herd and individual treatments are recommended for vesicular stomatitis?
HERD = nothing
INDIVIDUAL = antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, oral antiseptic rinses, nutrition
What signs are seen in acute infections of BVD in immunocompetent and persistently infected cattle?
IMMUNOCOMPETENT - mostly nonclinical, acute gastroenteritis, fever, erosions, diarrhea
PI = severe gastroenteritis, death
What causes persistent infection in BVD? What signs are associated?
inutero infection between 40-120 days
- poor doers
- mucosal disease develops within 2 years
- immunodeficiency - poor growth, diarrhea, fly bite bups, runny eyes
- heavy shedders
What are 5 options for diagnosing BVD?
- CBC - leukopenic, lymphopenic
- serology - titer (negative with PI)
- virus isolation from buffy coat
- IHC - ear punch biopsy, detects antigen
- ELISA
What caustic substances commonly cause stomatitis in cattle? When is their use contraindicated?
CaCl/ammonium Cl - irritates damaged mucosal surfaces (used to acidify urine in cases of urinary calculi)
toxic/renal disease, severe dehydration
What is characteristic of malignant catarrhal fever? What acts are carriers?
severe keratoconjunctivitis with copious mucopurulent d/c, high fever, erosion of hard palate and tongue
sheep shed profusely periparturient + aerosol
MCF:
+ mucopurulent ocular d/c
What are the major 3 classical lesions associated with Bluetongue in cattle? How is it diagnosed/
- burnt muzzle
- oral lesions
- mild respiratory disease
serology and viral isolation
How is Bluetongue transmitted? When is it most commonly seen?
midge (Culicoides)
mid-summer to early fall –> midge most active
How do clinical signs of Bluetongue differ in sheep?
tends to be more severe
- swollen muzzle
- cyanotic tongue
- oral lesions
- coronary band inflammation
How does bovine papular stomatitis appear? What ahe group is most commonly affected?
mild, incidental - raised areas on muzzle and oral mucosa –> heals as brown spots
young stock
A NY beef herd of 125 has one 10 y/o cow with ocular discharge and ptyalism that eventually died. It has been 2 weeks since this happened and no treatment was affected. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Bluetongue
b. BVD
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. MCF
e. vesicular stomatitis
D –> eyes and oral cavity affected
- BT - not as deadly in cattle
- BVD - doesn’t affect eyes or muzzle, more common in young
- F&M - eradicated in US
- VS - far from the south
A NY beef herd of 125 has one 90% of the cows have tongue and coronary band ulcers and are drooling. Only one has died. It has been 2 weeks since this happened and no treatment was affected. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Bluetongue
b. BVD
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. MCF
e. vesicular stomatitis
E
A 17 y/o cow is presented with slobbering. What is the least likely differential?
a. BVD
b. Bluetongue
c. FB
d. uremia
e. bovine popular stomatitis
A
A 1 y/o heifer is presented with slobbering and depression. What is the least likely diagnosis?
a. BVD
b. caustic substance
c. MCF
d. bovine papulary stomatitis
e. contagious ecythema
E –> small ruminant disease
What time of year would Bluetongue be expected in Northwest ruminants?
a. early fall
b. early spring
c. late summer
d. late winter
e. anytime
A, C
What time of year would Bluetongue be expected in Southeast ruminants?
a. early fall
b. early spring
c. late summer
d. late winter
e. anytime
E –> not as cold in the South year-round
Why does uremia cause oral lesions?
salivary glands recycle ammonia
- renal disease is probably present if ammonia can be smelled orally
What treatment is indicated for stomatitis?
- good quality, palatable ration
- antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
- anti-inflammatories
- viral lesions must run their course
What is the prognosis of the variable causes of stomatitis in cattle?
- BVD/mucosal disease = fatal if PI, good otherwise
- MCF = fatal, grave
- vesicular stomatitis = fair to good, decreases milk production
- caustic substances = fair to guarded
- bovine papular stomatitis - good to excellent
What is occurring in this picture?
papular stomatitis
What is occurring in this deer?
enzootic hemorrhagic disease - adults > calves, can lok like bovine papular stomatitis
What is occurring in this calf?
MCF - ocular discharge, drooling
What is occurring in this sheep?
Bluetongue - salivation, cyanotic tongue, severe disease in sheep compared to cattle
What is occurring in this deer?
enzootic hemorrhagic disease - coronary band and muzzle commonly affected, presents like Bluetongue in sheep (edematous tongue)
- 7 yr cycle with immunity development
Is this cattle likely affected by MCF?
no - not 100% sure, no ocular discharge
What symptoms are associated with oral foreign bodies?
- difficulty eating and drinking
- throws head around
What causes woody tongue? How is it treated?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
IV sodium iodide (may cause abortion)
What is lumpy jaw? What causes? How is it treated?
hard, swollen, firm jaw with or without tracts
Actinomyces bovis
IV sodium iodide
What ultimately causes woody tongue and lumpy jaw? What is associated with outbreaks?
Actinobacillus lignieresii and Actinomyces bovis are normal flora in the mouth that require breaks in oral mucosa to cause infection –> grass awns, coarse roughage, trauma
over-mature hay
What is a common cause of traumatic pharyngitis?
- FB
- careless use of balling gun
A high fever, severe purulent ocular discharge, and severe purulent nasal discharge is most characteristic of…
a. vesicular stomatitis
b. BVD
c. MCF
d. Bluetongue
e. bovine popular stomatitis
C
________ is a relatively mild disease usually seen as papules on the muzzle and sometimes oral mucosa.
a. vesicular stomatitis
b. bovine viral papulitis
c. rinderpest
d. bovine papular stomatitis
D
True or false - Cows with lumpy jaw should be culled because they represent the primary source of this infectious organism.
FALSE
True or false - Cows with wooden tongue should be culled because of poor treatment success.
FALSE
What are some signs of choke?
- cow unable to swallow
- visible mass on the left side of the neck
- reflux and slobber
- shaking head in an attempt to dislodge the object
Why is choke most common in the summer and fall? Where does the esophagus enter the rumen?
apples, pears, and other fruit trees are actively producing
8th ICS - consider mediastinal masses at the the thoracic inlet
How can it be determined where the choke is?
pass a stomach tube to the blockage and measure how deep the tube went
What are 3 methods of diagnosing choke?
- palpation of (left) neck and oral exam
- pass a stomach tube
- endoscopy
What information is important to gather before relieving a choke? How is the cow relieved?
if the owners tried any methods of treatment - may be a hole in the esophagus
- 12g needle to dig a grip
- mineral oil
- retrograde tube via rumenotomy
- milk up from cranial esophagus
- push into the rumen with a Kingman tube or Probang (corkscrew) if it passes the thoracic inlet
- consider NSAIDs and antibiotics after
What signs are indicative of calf diphtheria?
- deep oral lesions
- salivating
- choke-like symptoms
What are 4 plants that can cause vomiting in small ruminants? What treatment is indicated?
- mountain laurel
- azalea
- houndtongue
- rhododendron
activated charcoal via a tube + antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia and anti-inflammatories
What are 2 signs indicative of liver abscesses? In what cattle is this most common?
- weight loss, poor doers (everything else has been ruled out)
- bilateral bleeding from nostrils - vena cava thrombosis
best conditioned feedlot cattle –> pushed grain causes acidosis/rumenitis, which allows bacteria to form ruminal abscesses and spread emboli through portal circulation to the liver + erodes caudal vena cava
What bacterial etiology is associated with liver abscesses? In goats/sheep?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
caseous lymphadenitis - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
What are 3 etiologies of liver abscesses? How is it diagnosed?
rumen acidosis, navel infections, hardware disease
- necropsy
- U/S of right side
- CBC - chronic/acute inflammation
- liver enzymes - increased GGT, AST, SDH
- chest radiograph - embolic/metastatic lesions
How are liver abscesses treated? What is prognosis like?
- immediate slaughter
- long-term antibiotics - Penicillin (safe, cheap, effective)
poor
How can liver abscesses be prevented?
- proper feeding management - not too much grain
- antibiotics in feed
- eradicate caseous lymphadenitis
- vaccines available
Profuse bilateral epistaxis is present in the best dairy cow in the herd. What is the likely diagnosis? What is prognosis? If the farmer is willing to save at all cost, what treatment is recommended?
caudal vena cava syndrome –> ruminal acidosis + liver abscessation
poor
long-term antibiotics and formalin
