Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Large Animal Medicine > Ruminant GI Disease > Flashcards

Ruminant GI Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What changes in the oral cavity may be caused by viral disease?

A

red or ulcerated hard palate rugae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is stomatitis? What are some signs?

A

inflammation of the oral mucosa

  • decreased appetite
  • slobbering
  • abnormal chewing movements
  • necrotic odor
  • vesicles, erosions, ulcerations
  • fever
  • diarrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What animals are affected by vesicular stomatitis? How does this compare to foot and mouth disease?

A

cattle, horses, swine –> still seen in US, starts in the south and moves up as weather warms up

foot and mouth disease does not affect horses –> eradicated in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What herd and individual treatments are recommended for vesicular stomatitis?

A

HERD = nothing

INDIVIDUAL = antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, oral antiseptic rinses, nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What signs are seen in acute infections of BVD in immunocompetent and persistently infected cattle?

A

IMMUNOCOMPETENT - mostly nonclinical, acute gastroenteritis, fever, erosions, diarrhea

PI = severe gastroenteritis, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes persistent infection in BVD? What signs are associated?

A

inutero infection between 40-120 days

  • poor doers
  • mucosal disease develops within 2 years
  • immunodeficiency - poor growth, diarrhea, fly bite bups, runny eyes
  • heavy shedders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 5 options for diagnosing BVD?

A
  1. CBC - leukopenic, lymphopenic
  2. serology - titer (negative with PI)
  3. virus isolation from buffy coat
  4. IHC - ear punch biopsy, detects antigen
  5. ELISA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What caustic substances commonly cause stomatitis in cattle? When is their use contraindicated?

A

CaCl/ammonium Cl - irritates damaged mucosal surfaces (used to acidify urine in cases of urinary calculi)

toxic/renal disease, severe dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is characteristic of malignant catarrhal fever? What acts are carriers?

A

severe keratoconjunctivitis with copious mucopurulent d/c, high fever, erosion of hard palate and tongue

sheep shed profusely periparturient + aerosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MCF:

A

+ mucopurulent ocular d/c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the major 3 classical lesions associated with Bluetongue in cattle? How is it diagnosed/

A
  1. burnt muzzle
  2. oral lesions
  3. mild respiratory disease

serology and viral isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is Bluetongue transmitted? When is it most commonly seen?

A

midge (Culicoides)

mid-summer to early fall –> midge most active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do clinical signs of Bluetongue differ in sheep?

A

tends to be more severe

  • swollen muzzle
  • cyanotic tongue
  • oral lesions
  • coronary band inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does bovine papular stomatitis appear? What ahe group is most commonly affected?

A

mild, incidental - raised areas on muzzle and oral mucosa –> heals as brown spots

young stock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A NY beef herd of 125 has one 10 y/o cow with ocular discharge and ptyalism that eventually died. It has been 2 weeks since this happened and no treatment was affected. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Bluetongue
b. BVD
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. MCF
e. vesicular stomatitis

A

D –> eyes and oral cavity affected

  • BT - not as deadly in cattle
  • BVD - doesn’t affect eyes or muzzle, more common in young
  • F&M - eradicated in US
  • VS - far from the south
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A NY beef herd of 125 has one 90% of the cows have tongue and coronary band ulcers and are drooling. Only one has died. It has been 2 weeks since this happened and no treatment was affected. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Bluetongue
b. BVD
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. MCF
e. vesicular stomatitis

A

E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A 17 y/o cow is presented with slobbering. What is the least likely differential?

a. BVD
b. Bluetongue
c. FB
d. uremia
e. bovine popular stomatitis

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A 1 y/o heifer is presented with slobbering and depression. What is the least likely diagnosis?

a. BVD
b. caustic substance
c. MCF
d. bovine papulary stomatitis
e. contagious ecythema

A

E –> small ruminant disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What time of year would Bluetongue be expected in Northwest ruminants?

a. early fall
b. early spring
c. late summer
d. late winter
e. anytime

A

A, C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What time of year would Bluetongue be expected in Southeast ruminants?

a. early fall
b. early spring
c. late summer
d. late winter
e. anytime

A

E –> not as cold in the South year-round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does uremia cause oral lesions?

A

salivary glands recycle ammonia

  • renal disease is probably present if ammonia can be smelled orally
22
Q

What treatment is indicated for stomatitis?

A
  • good quality, palatable ration
  • antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
  • anti-inflammatories
  • viral lesions must run their course
23
Q

What is the prognosis of the variable causes of stomatitis in cattle?

A
  • BVD/mucosal disease = fatal if PI, good otherwise
  • MCF = fatal, grave
  • vesicular stomatitis = fair to good, decreases milk production
  • caustic substances = fair to guarded
  • bovine papular stomatitis - good to excellent
24
Q

What is occurring in this picture?

A

papular stomatitis

25
Q

What is occurring in this deer?

A

enzootic hemorrhagic disease - adults > calves, can lok like bovine papular stomatitis

26
Q

What is occurring in this calf?

A

MCF - ocular discharge, drooling

27
Q

What is occurring in this sheep?

A

Bluetongue - salivation, cyanotic tongue, severe disease in sheep compared to cattle

28
Q

What is occurring in this deer?

A

enzootic hemorrhagic disease - coronary band and muzzle commonly affected, presents like Bluetongue in sheep (edematous tongue)

  • 7 yr cycle with immunity development
29
Q

Is this cattle likely affected by MCF?

A

no - not 100% sure, no ocular discharge

30
Q

What symptoms are associated with oral foreign bodies?

A
  • difficulty eating and drinking
  • throws head around
31
Q

What causes woody tongue? How is it treated?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

IV sodium iodide (may cause abortion)

32
Q

What is lumpy jaw? What causes? How is it treated?

A

hard, swollen, firm jaw with or without tracts

Actinomyces bovis

IV sodium iodide

33
Q

What ultimately causes woody tongue and lumpy jaw? What is associated with outbreaks?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii and Actinomyces bovis are normal flora in the mouth that require breaks in oral mucosa to cause infection –> grass awns, coarse roughage, trauma

over-mature hay

34
Q

What is a common cause of traumatic pharyngitis?

A
  • FB
  • careless use of balling gun
35
Q

A high fever, severe purulent ocular discharge, and severe purulent nasal discharge is most characteristic of…

a. vesicular stomatitis
b. BVD
c. MCF
d. Bluetongue
e. bovine popular stomatitis

A

C

36
Q

________ is a relatively mild disease usually seen as papules on the muzzle and sometimes oral mucosa.

a. vesicular stomatitis
b. bovine viral papulitis
c. rinderpest
d. bovine papular stomatitis

A

D

37
Q

True or false - Cows with lumpy jaw should be culled because they represent the primary source of this infectious organism.

A

FALSE

38
Q

True or false - Cows with wooden tongue should be culled because of poor treatment success.

A

FALSE

39
Q

What are some signs of choke?

A
  • cow unable to swallow
  • visible mass on the left side of the neck
  • reflux and slobber
  • shaking head in an attempt to dislodge the object
40
Q

Why is choke most common in the summer and fall? Where does the esophagus enter the rumen?

A

apples, pears, and other fruit trees are actively producing

8th ICS - consider mediastinal masses at the the thoracic inlet

41
Q

How can it be determined where the choke is?

A

pass a stomach tube to the blockage and measure how deep the tube went

42
Q

What are 3 methods of diagnosing choke?

A
  1. palpation of (left) neck and oral exam
  2. pass a stomach tube
  3. endoscopy
43
Q

What information is important to gather before relieving a choke? How is the cow relieved?

A

if the owners tried any methods of treatment - may be a hole in the esophagus

  • 12g needle to dig a grip
  • mineral oil
  • retrograde tube via rumenotomy
  • milk up from cranial esophagus
  • push into the rumen with a Kingman tube or Probang (corkscrew) if it passes the thoracic inlet
  • consider NSAIDs and antibiotics after
44
Q

What signs are indicative of calf diphtheria?

A
  • deep oral lesions
  • salivating
  • choke-like symptoms
45
Q

What are 4 plants that can cause vomiting in small ruminants? What treatment is indicated?

A
  1. mountain laurel
  2. azalea
  3. houndtongue
  4. rhododendron

activated charcoal via a tube + antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia and anti-inflammatories

46
Q

What are 2 signs indicative of liver abscesses? In what cattle is this most common?

A
  1. weight loss, poor doers (everything else has been ruled out)
  2. bilateral bleeding from nostrils - vena cava thrombosis

best conditioned feedlot cattle –> pushed grain causes acidosis/rumenitis, which allows bacteria to form ruminal abscesses and spread emboli through portal circulation to the liver + erodes caudal vena cava

47
Q

What bacterial etiology is associated with liver abscesses? In goats/sheep?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

caseous lymphadenitis - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

48
Q

What are 3 etiologies of liver abscesses? How is it diagnosed?

A

rumen acidosis, navel infections, hardware disease

  • necropsy
  • U/S of right side
  • CBC - chronic/acute inflammation
  • liver enzymes - increased GGT, AST, SDH
  • chest radiograph - embolic/metastatic lesions
49
Q

How are liver abscesses treated? What is prognosis like?

A
  • immediate slaughter
  • long-term antibiotics - Penicillin (safe, cheap, effective)

poor

50
Q

How can liver abscesses be prevented?

A
  • proper feeding management - not too much grain
  • antibiotics in feed
  • eradicate caseous lymphadenitis
  • vaccines available
51
Q

Profuse bilateral epistaxis is present in the best dairy cow in the herd. What is the likely diagnosis? What is prognosis? If the farmer is willing to save at all cost, what treatment is recommended?

A

caudal vena cava syndrome –> ruminal acidosis + liver abscessation

poor

long-term antibiotics and formalin

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions