Ruminant GI Disease Flashcards by Renee DeAngelis

What changes in the oral cavity may be caused by viral disease?

red or ulcerated hard palate rugae

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What is stomatitis? What are some signs?

inflammation of the oral mucosa

decreased appetite
slobbering
abnormal chewing movements
necrotic odor
vesicles, erosions, ulcerations
fever
diarrhea

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What animals are affected by vesicular stomatitis? How does this compare to foot and mouth disease?

cattle, horses, swine –> still seen in US, starts in the south and moves up as weather warms up

foot and mouth disease does not affect horses –> eradicated in the US

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What herd and individual treatments are recommended for vesicular stomatitis?

HERD = nothing

INDIVIDUAL = antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, oral antiseptic rinses, nutrition

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What signs are seen in acute infections of BVD in immunocompetent and persistently infected cattle?

IMMUNOCOMPETENT - mostly nonclinical, acute gastroenteritis, fever, erosions, diarrhea

PI = severe gastroenteritis, death

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What causes persistent infection in BVD? What signs are associated?

inutero infection between 40-120 days

poor doers
mucosal disease develops within 2 years
immunodeficiency - poor growth, diarrhea, fly bite bups, runny eyes
heavy shedders

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What are 5 options for diagnosing BVD?

CBC - leukopenic, lymphopenic
serology - titer (negative with PI)
virus isolation from buffy coat
IHC - ear punch biopsy, detects antigen
ELISA

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What caustic substances commonly cause stomatitis in cattle? When is their use contraindicated?

CaCl/ammonium Cl - irritates damaged mucosal surfaces (used to acidify urine in cases of urinary calculi)

toxic/renal disease, severe dehydration

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What is characteristic of malignant catarrhal fever? What acts are carriers?

severe keratoconjunctivitis with copious mucopurulent d/c, high fever, erosion of hard palate and tongue

sheep shed profusely periparturient + aerosol

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MCF:

+ mucopurulent ocular d/c

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What are the major 3 classical lesions associated with Bluetongue in cattle? How is it diagnosed/

burnt muzzle
oral lesions
mild respiratory disease

serology and viral isolation

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How is Bluetongue transmitted? When is it most commonly seen?

midge (Culicoides)

mid-summer to early fall –> midge most active

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How do clinical signs of Bluetongue differ in sheep?

tends to be more severe

swollen muzzle
cyanotic tongue
oral lesions
coronary band inflammation

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How does bovine papular stomatitis appear? What ahe group is most commonly affected?

mild, incidental - raised areas on muzzle and oral mucosa –> heals as brown spots

young stock

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A NY beef herd of 125 has one 10 y/o cow with ocular discharge and ptyalism that eventually died. It has been 2 weeks since this happened and no treatment was affected. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Bluetongue
b. BVD
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. MCF
e. vesicular stomatitis

D –> eyes and oral cavity affected

BT - not as deadly in cattle
BVD - doesn’t affect eyes or muzzle, more common in young
F&M - eradicated in US
VS - far from the south

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A NY beef herd of 125 has one 90% of the cows have tongue and coronary band ulcers and are drooling. Only one has died. It has been 2 weeks since this happened and no treatment was affected. What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Bluetongue
b. BVD
c. Foot and Mouth Disease
d. MCF
e. vesicular stomatitis

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A 17 y/o cow is presented with slobbering. What is the least likely differential?

a. BVD
b. Bluetongue
c. FB
d. uremia
e. bovine popular stomatitis

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A 1 y/o heifer is presented with slobbering and depression. What is the least likely diagnosis?

a. BVD
b. caustic substance
c. MCF
d. bovine papulary stomatitis
e. contagious ecythema

E –> small ruminant disease

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What time of year would Bluetongue be expected in Northwest ruminants?

a. early fall
b. early spring
c. late summer
d. late winter
e. anytime

A, C

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What time of year would Bluetongue be expected in Southeast ruminants?

a. early fall
b. early spring
c. late summer
d. late winter
e. anytime

E –> not as cold in the South year-round

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Why does uremia cause oral lesions?

salivary glands recycle ammonia

renal disease is probably present if ammonia can be smelled orally

What treatment is indicated for stomatitis?

good quality, palatable ration
antibiotics to prevent secondary infections
anti-inflammatories
viral lesions must run their course

What is the prognosis of the variable causes of stomatitis in cattle?

BVD/mucosal disease = fatal if PI, good otherwise
MCF = fatal, grave
vesicular stomatitis = fair to good, decreases milk production
caustic substances = fair to guarded
bovine papular stomatitis - good to excellent

What is occurring in this picture?

papular stomatitis

What is occurring in this deer?

enzootic hemorrhagic disease - adults > calves, can lok like bovine papular stomatitis

What is occurring in this calf?

MCF - ocular discharge, drooling

What is occurring in this sheep?

Bluetongue - salivation, cyanotic tongue, severe disease in sheep compared to cattle

What is occurring in this deer?

enzootic hemorrhagic disease - coronary band and muzzle commonly affected, presents like Bluetongue in sheep (edematous tongue) - 7 yr cycle with immunity development

Is this cattle likely affected by MCF?

no - not 100% sure, no ocular discharge

What symptoms are associated with oral foreign bodies?

- difficulty eating and drinking - throws head around

What causes woody tongue? How is it treated?

Actinobacillus lignieresii IV sodium iodide (may cause abortion)

What is lumpy jaw? What causes? How is it treated?

hard, swollen, firm jaw with or without tracts Actinomyces bovis IV sodium iodide

What ultimately causes woody tongue and lumpy jaw? What is associated with outbreaks?

Actinobacillus lignieresii and Actinomyces bovis are normal flora in the mouth that require breaks in oral mucosa to cause infection --> grass awns, coarse roughage, trauma over-mature hay

What is a common cause of traumatic pharyngitis?

- FB - careless use of balling gun

A high fever, severe purulent ocular discharge, and severe purulent nasal discharge is most characteristic of... a. vesicular stomatitis b. BVD c. MCF d. Bluetongue e. bovine popular stomatitis

________ is a relatively mild disease usually seen as papules on the muzzle and sometimes oral mucosa. a. vesicular stomatitis b. bovine viral papulitis c. rinderpest d. bovine papular stomatitis

True or false - Cows with lumpy jaw should be culled because they represent the primary source of this infectious organism.

FALSE

True or false - Cows with wooden tongue should be culled because of poor treatment success.

FALSE

What are some signs of choke?

- cow unable to swallow - visible mass on the left side of the neck - reflux and slobber - shaking head in an attempt to dislodge the object

Why is choke most common in the summer and fall? Where does the esophagus enter the rumen?

apples, pears, and other fruit trees are actively producing 8th ICS - consider mediastinal masses at the the thoracic inlet

How can it be determined where the choke is?

pass a stomach tube to the blockage and measure how deep the tube went

What are 3 methods of diagnosing choke?

1. palpation of (left) neck and oral exam 2. pass a stomach tube 3. endoscopy

What information is important to gather before relieving a choke? How is the cow relieved?

if the owners tried any methods of treatment - may be a hole in the esophagus - 12g needle to dig a grip - mineral oil - retrograde tube via rumenotomy - milk up from cranial esophagus - push into the rumen with a Kingman tube or Probang (corkscrew) if it passes the thoracic inlet - consider NSAIDs and antibiotics after

What signs are indicative of calf diphtheria?

- deep oral lesions - salivating - choke-like symptoms

What are 4 plants that can cause vomiting in small ruminants? What treatment is indicated?

1. mountain laurel 2. azalea 3. houndtongue 4. rhododendron activated charcoal via a tube + antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia and anti-inflammatories

What are 2 signs indicative of liver abscesses? In what cattle is this most common?

1. weight loss, poor doers (everything else has been ruled out) 2. bilateral bleeding from nostrils - vena cava thrombosis best conditioned feedlot cattle --> pushed grain causes acidosis/rumenitis, which allows bacteria to form ruminal abscesses and spread emboli through portal circulation to the liver + erodes caudal vena cava

What bacterial etiology is associated with liver abscesses? In goats/sheep?

Fusobacterium necrophorum caseous lymphadenitis - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

What are 3 etiologies of liver abscesses? How is it diagnosed?

rumen acidosis, navel infections, hardware disease - necropsy - U/S of right side - CBC - chronic/acute inflammation - liver enzymes - increased GGT, AST, SDH - chest radiograph - embolic/metastatic lesions

How are liver abscesses treated? What is prognosis like?

- *immediate slaughter* - long-term antibiotics - Penicillin (safe, cheap, effective) poor

How can liver abscesses be prevented?

- proper feeding management - not too much grain - antibiotics in feed - eradicate caseous lymphadenitis - vaccines available

Profuse bilateral epistaxis is present in the best dairy cow in the herd. What is the likely diagnosis? What is prognosis? If the farmer is willing to save at all cost, what treatment is recommended?

caudal vena cava syndrome --> ruminal acidosis + liver abscessation poor long-term antibiotics and formalin