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Large Animal Medicine > Bovine Renal Disease > Flashcards

Bovine Renal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What quick test can be performed on a PE to diagnose renal disease?

A

vigorously rub the hard palate and smell hand —> ammonia odor indicative of pyelonephritis

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2
Q

Urinary system:

A
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3
Q

How are the kidneys palpated? When are they commonly enlarged?

A

rectal palpation

  • neoplasia
  • hydronephrosis
  • acute nephritis
  • pyelonephritis
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4
Q

When are kidneys most commonly decreased in size?

A
  • dehydration
  • advanced chronic interstitial nephritis
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5
Q

When are kidneys painful on palpation?

A

acute nephritis

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6
Q

What is the normal structure of bovine kidneys?

A

lobulated –> loss of lobulation can occur with neoplasia, abscesses, pyelonephritis, or nephritis

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7
Q

How are ureters normally palpated on rectals?

A

usually not palpated - may be palpated with pyelonephritis or urine retention (calculi)

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8
Q

Where does the bladder lie on rectal exams? What causes distention? Pain?

A

under the rectum in males and under the vagina in females

urine retention or calculi

cystitis

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9
Q

Where does the urethra end in females?

A

floor of the vagina, 8-10 cm from the opening

  • visualized with vaginal speculum
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10
Q

What is characteristic of the male urethra?

A

sigmoid flexure (S-shaped curvature of the penis) - predilection site of urolithiaisis

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11
Q

What are 6 special methods of examining the urinary tract in cattle?

A
  1. urethral catheterization
  2. ultrasonography
  3. radiographs
  4. urinalysis
  5. rectal exams
  6. kidney function test - urea, creatinine
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12
Q

How often do cattle urinate? How much?

A

8-12 times a day

6-12 L a day

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13
Q

What are some historical presentations with urinary disease in cattle?

A
  • difficulty or discomfort in the passage of urine
  • straining or arching the back before, during, or after urination (may look like constipation)
  • anorexia, depression
  • abdominal pain - kicking at abdomen, frequent changes in position, bellowing
  • abdominal distension with rupture of the bladder
  • swelling around prepuce extending along the ventral abdominal wall with urethral ruptures
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14
Q

What are some important signs on PE indicative of urinary disease?

A
  • arched back
  • straining to urinate with a pump handle tail
  • fluid wave
  • pulsation/throbbing of urethra
  • using a speculum and light to find source of pus/blood
  • rectal palpation
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15
Q

What does a pump handle tail in a bull commonly indicate?

A

urinary calculi (urolithiasis)

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16
Q

What is waterbelly? How is it diagnosed?

A

urine accumulation in the abdomen, causing a pear-shaped appearance from the back

abdominocentesis - urine vs. acites vs. hemorrhage

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17
Q

What are 3 important factors evaluated with urine samples?

A
  1. quantity - 6-12 L/day
  2. color - usually golden and clear, red indicates presence of RBCs or hemoglobin, yellow indicates presence of bile pigments (liver disease), cloudy if pus is present
  3. smell - fetid if infected or retained
18
Q

How can hematuria and hemoglobinuria be differentiated?

A

centrifuge/leave the sample to sit for 20-25 mins - RBCs will sedimentate, hemoglobinuria will remain pink

  • can also use smears
19
Q

How is specific gravity assessed?

A

refractometer (quantitative)

  • DON’T rely on dip sticks
20
Q

What is the normal specific gravity and pH of bovine urine? What are causes of changes in pH?

A

1.020-1.045

7-8 - herbivores have more basic urine

  • ALKALINITY - urolithiasis
  • ACIDITY - infections
21
Q

When are dysuria and proteinuria most commonly seen?

A

painful urination - cystitis, urethritis, vaginitis

glomerulonephritis, nephrosis, amyloidosis

22
Q

What are 3 types of oliguria?

A
  1. PRE-RENAL - dehydration, shock, chronic heart failure
  2. RENAL - acute nephrosis, glomerulonephritis
  3. POST-RENAL - ureteral, urethral, or urinary bladder obstruction
23
Q

What 4 diseases can cause polyuria in cattle?

A
  1. pyometra
  2. acure/chronic kidney failure
  3. hyperadrenocorticism
  4. osmotic diuresis - DM (rare)
24
Q

What causes anuria?

A

complete urethral obstruction (urolithiasis)

25
Q

What are some renal and post-renal causes of hematuria?

A

RENAL - severe glomerulonephritis, sulphonamide poisoning (only use this antibiotic <3 days at a time), renal infarction –> RBCs pass through glomeruli and enter urine

POST-RENAL - pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis

26
Q

What causes hemoglobinuria? 4 examples?

A

intravascular hemolysis

  1. Babesiosis
  2. Leptospirosis
  3. postparturient
  4. bacillary - Clostridium hemolyticum
27
Q

What needs to be avoided when collecting urine from a catheter?

A

suburethral diverticulum ventral to the bladder

28
Q

Other than urinary disease, what 4 disease processes can Leptospirosis cause?

A
  1. abortion
  2. weak calves
  3. flaccid udder mastitis - no swelling, bloody milk
  4. milk-drop syndrome - sudden decrease in milk production
29
Q

What cattle have the highest mortality in cases of leptospirosis? What serovar is commonly associated? What are 3 signs?

A

calves - mortality is rare in adults, which are more commonly carriers within their kidneys

Pomona

  1. hemoglobinuria
  2. jaundice (prehepatic)
  3. hemolytic anemia
    +/- inappetence, dysuria, decreased milk production
30
Q

What are 2 techniques used for diagnosing leptospirosis in cattle?

A
  1. serologic testing - presumptive, not definitive –> high titer can be consistent with clinical disease or vaccination
  2. PCR
31
Q

What are some options for treating Leptospirosis?

A
  • PPG
  • OTC* - may be nephrotoxic
  • Tilmicosin*
  • Ceftiofur*
  • = clear carrier status, where there are typically no signs
32
Q

How is Leptospirosis transmission controlled?

A
  • vaccine - 5-way European strains, American Harjo and combo —> short protection period due to relatively low antibody formation (100-400) that persist for 1-3 months
  • rodent and wildlife control
  • identify and remove carriers
  • drain wet areas
33
Q

What is the difference in disease with the different strains of Leptospirosis?

A

Hardjo - host-adapted, most common, none to mild signs

Pomona - calf disease, abortion

34
Q

How is Leptospirosis transmitted?

A

via urine + prefers warm and moist areas

35
Q

What are the 5 most common findings in cases of pyelonephritis?

A
  1. sick cow - uremia, smell ammonia
  2. Dipstick - pus, blood
  3. straining to urinate
  4. raised tail
  5. rectal - abdominal or pelvic masses, grossly enlarged ureters
36
Q

What are some options for diagnosing pyelonephritis?

A
  • clinical signs, PE, ammonia smell to breath
  • enlarged kidney via rectal palpation
  • culture - Corynebacterium renale, E.coli
  • U/S
  • exploratory
37
Q

What are 3 options for treating pyelonephritis?

A
  1. early case - PPG, ceftiofur
  2. valuable cow - nephrectomy, commonly the other kidney is affected!
  3. slaughter, condemnation with uremia
38
Q

Pyelonephritis + hydronephrosis:

A
39
Q

What are 3 biochemical signs of acute/chronic renal issues? What are some PE findings?

A
  1. high BUN and creatinine
  2. hypocalcemia
  3. hyperphosphatemia

anorexia, abnormal Dipstick findings

40
Q

What is the best option for treating acute/chronic renal issues? What is there is no response?

A

fluids - solution to pollution is dilution!

indicated uremia –> euthanasia

41
Q

In what cattle is cystitis especially rare?

A

females - short and wide urethra = harder to get lodges

  • if uroliths are found in females, they tend to self-resolve

Large Animal Medicine (34 decks)

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