Small Ruminant

Question 1

When & where should we perform tail amputation/docking?

Answer 1

2-3 days old

amputate b/t C1 & C2

Question 2

What happens with sheep cervix that is unique to them?

Answer 2

Ringwomb:
cervix won’t dilate,
at least not enough for them to have parturition

they’ll never be good at birthing their offspring

Question 3

When do viral antibodies develop in the calf neonate?

Answer 3

90-120 days

>180 days responds to bacT

Question 4

When do antibodies develop in the neonate lamb?

Answer 4

41-120 days

Question 5

How much {in grams} of total immunoglobulins do calves need to ingest in the colostrum?

Answer 5

200-300 g

Question 6

How much whole blood would we transfuse to treat FPT?

Answer 6

20mL/kg

…Or plasma @10mL/kg

{actually easy & quick in ruminants/food animals}

Question 7

What are the big things we’d see in sheep>goats suffering from Bluetongue?

Answer 7

• Generalized Vasculitis
• transient fever
• edema of muzzle, face, & ears

Question 8

How do we treat Bluetongue?

Answer 8

Mainly supportive care;
antibiotics if 2ndary infections indicate

Question 9

T or F:
Contagious Ecthyma {Orf, sore mouth} is a zoonotic parapox virus that is usually self-limiting, but does cause pustular encrustations on lips/nostrils.

Answer 9

True.
treatment usu. not necessary

Question 10

What are the most common biotypes of M.hemolytica & which one causes septicemia in young lambs?

Answer 10

biotypes A & T

A: most common - causes septicemia in lambs

T: seen in older, immunocompromised

Question 11

Enzootic pneumonia, chronic non progressive pneumonia, atypical pneumonia…
What are these all alternate names for?

Answer 11

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

CS: mild chronic cough & dyspnea on exertion
→2ndary infection w/M.hemolytica= fever, discharge, depression

Question 12

What is the incubation period for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia {OPP/maedi} and what type of virus is it?

Answer 12

2-4 years!
non-oncogenic, ssRNA lentivirus

Question 13

What are the 2 major suspects for foot rot in our small ruminants?

Answer 13

F.necrophorum
&
Dichelobacter nodosus

*contagious!*

Tx: trim affected hooves, antibiotics, foot bath

Question 14

What are the 4 forms of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis {CAE}?

Answer 14

1. Arthritic - adults, most common
2. Leukoencephalomyelitis - kids, 2-4 mo; weak in rear legs, cannot rise but remain BAR
3. Interstitial Pneumonia
4. Mastitis - “hard bag” swollen, firm, minimal milk

Question 15

How do we diagnose CAE?

Answer 15

AGID {prob most sensitive}
PCR
ELISA

positive results but may remain asymptomatic for years

Question 16

What are early signs of Scrapie?

Answer 16

behavioral {general}
tremors of head or neck
isolation from flock
hind end movements become uncoordinated
weight loss

Question 17

What are the advanced signs of Scrapie?

Answer 17

Intense itching
high stepping/stumbling
falling
death

Question 18

How do we diagnose Scrapie ante-mortem?

Answer 18

biopsy of the 3rd eyelid

*rectal mucosa from cattle*

Question 19

What is Club Lamb Fungus?

Answer 19

Basically Ringworm…
Trichophyton spp.

*usu. livestock shows/fairs*
circular, scaly lesions, alopecia, self-limiting

Question 20

Which Clostrdial agent is associated with Head-butting {Bighead}, damaging head & neck tissue demonstraited by massively edematous wound infections?

Answer 20

C.novyi Type A

Question 21

Which Clostridial agent is associated w.infectious necrotic hepatitis, seen in highly nourished adults {2-4yo} typically following liver damage by Fasciola hepatica?

Answer 21

C.novyi Type B

*venous congestion darkens underside of skin;
peracute death most common*

Question 22

What is the pathogenesis of Braxy {C.septicum}?

Answer 22

Wound contamination, hemorrhage, edema, & necrosis
→malignant edema from rapid spread along fascial planes from point of infection

lesions start warm/painful then become crepitant & cold
→fever, anorexia, depression →death w.in 24 hours