Food Animal Cardio

Question 1

When qualifying jugular filling with or without pulse, what would we expect in a case of Congestive heart failure/ AV valve insufficiency?

Answer 1

jugular filling w.moderate-strong jugular pulse

could be d/t LSA, high altitude dz, ionophore toxicity, valvular endocarditis

Question 2

What species are ventricular & atrial septal defects most commonly seen?

Answer 2

Calves & camelids