Bovine Respiratory Dz Flashcards
Which lung lobe is affected first?
Accessory {of the right lung}
…then middle
How many lobes comprise the bovine lungs?
6
Left: cranial {2 parts:} & caudal
Right: cranial, middle, caudal, & accessory
What abnormal sound might we hear in a cow with allergic rhinitis?
Sneezing
What might expiratory grunting on auscultation exam indicate?
thoracic pain
pleuritis & severe pneumonia
What might inspiratory & expiratory grunting on auscultation exam indicate?
cranial abdominal pain
TRP
What upper airway sound would we expect in a case of laryngeal calf diphtheria?
stridor on inspiration
{dec.in cross-sectional area of larynx}
What abnormal sound would we expect to hear on auscultation exam if a retropharyngeal abscess is present or some other external pressure on larynx/upper airway?
Snoring!
Morphological Description/Diagnosis {MDx}?
Something along the lines of…
caseous material in the nasal passages
Based on the characteristics of this pathology, what type of infection are we thinking in general
{bacT, Protozoal, Fungal, Virus?}
URT virus!
T or F:
Unilateral nasal obstruction may present as unilateral airflow deficit and respiratory stertor.
- *False;**
- respiratory stridor*
If both nostrils have reduced airflow,
what do we assume a nasal obstruction is caudal to?
The nasal** **septum!!
*masses localized rostral to the pharynx,
airflow is generally reduced on the side/lesion*
What is the best way to assess respiratory rate?
From a distance
What does increased inspiratory effort indicate?
upper airway obstruction
What does increased expiratory effort indicate?
Lower respiratory dz
Why would a cow with a nasal obstruction potentially need a tracheotomy?
If we’re thinking this passageway is obstructed, and the steer is really struggling & going into respiratory distress as we’re trying to get the diagnosis,
the best thing we can do is get them airflow!
If we know the obstruction is above the trachea, we can put a little tracheotomy in there & they can breathe much easier & reduce down the stress happening…
What does Laryngeal/Pharyngeal Dysfunction often occur secondary to…?
Chondritis of the laryngeal** **cartilages
*Calf Diphtheria {necrotic pharyngitis} also follows L/P damage;
necrosis is d/t infection w/ Fusobacterium necrophorum*
{also: Arcanobacter (Trueperella) Pyogenes & anaerobic bacT}
**most commonlyoccursthru inappropriate use of oral dosing equipment, stomach tubes, or potentially coarse feedstuffs**
What are the 2 common names for Bovine Herpes Virus-1?
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis {IBR}
- ”Red Nose”
3 Subtypes…
BHV-1.1: respiratory dz + abortion
BHV-1.2a: genital tract infections {vulvovaginitis}
BHV-1.2b: respiratory dz but no abortion
*All 3 share antigenic properties so vacc provides cross-protection*
What’s the general pathophysiology of Bovine Parainfluenza -3 {PI-3} ?
Paramyxoviridae
limited to respiratory tract; can be a primary pathogen, but more significant in 2oDz
Affects epithelial cells of URT {& occ.as far down as alveoli}
infection = damage to ciliated epithelial cells, mucus layer, & mucocilary transport
→mild bronchitis, bronchiolitis
Why would someone not vaccinate their bull calves with
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus?
Because there is some sort of diagnostic test they will do later in a bull’s life, that if you give this vaccine, the titers will interfere w.them…
Between what gestation period days do susceptible pregnant cattle become infected with BVDV?
42-125 days
{125 days: typically when immunocompetence happens}
*if they’re infected prior, it becomes “self” & they’re lifelong shedders*
What antibiotics should we consider in Retro-/pharyngeal abscess?
Penicillin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, florfenicol, or ceftiofur
T or F:
BHV-1 modified-live vaccines can also produce latency of the vaccination strain. Annual boosters help prevent re-excretion of the virus.
True!
You visit a farm where a new bunch of calves have just been transferred to. A few calves about 6 months old have hyperemia of the muzzle, signs of rhinitis, drop in feed intake, and occasional labored breathing. The manager also mentions to you that he’s seen a couple of them with “winter pinkeye.” What’s going on?
BHV-1
hi morbidity, lo mortality
*often sets up env’t for 2o infection w. M.hemolytica, P.multocida, H.somni, or Mycoplasma spp.*
A herd of cattle are showing signs of anorexia, nasal & ocular discharge, increased respiratory rate with tracheal rales. You perform a postmortem, and find mild interstitial pneumonia, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in various regions of nasal mucosa. What do you suspect & what should you tell the owner of the farm?
Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 {PI-3}
If uncomplicated, recovery occurs w/in 7 days
& it’s an enveloped virus {susceptible to disinfectants}
What vaccine do we use for Bovine Adenovirus?
None available in N.America
Bovine Coronavirus has been isolated from respiratory secretions of infected calves, along with….?
BRSV
BVDV
& PI-3 in calves w/ Shipping Fever
*cannot differentiate from other respiratory viruses associated w/BRDC*
What’s the preferred antemortem sample for diagnosing Bovine Coronavirus?
nasal swabs
—> Ag-capture ELISA, electron microscopy, PCR
How could BRSV have negative effects on reproduction or fetus?
By causing a fever that could result in abortion, that’s it
What age bracket does BRSV tend to present?
3-12 month-old calves
infects epithelial cells from nasal mucosa to bronchi including
type II pneumocytes & alveolar macrophages
—> loss of cilia & necrosis of bronchial/bronchiolar epithelial cells
What can make diagnosing BRSV difficult?
Both healthy exposed & dz’d cattle will seroconvert
w/no difference in seroconversion rates b/t the 2 groups
What are the clinical signs in BRSV?
Mild/severe respiratory dz
- fever
- +/- cough
- nasal/ocular discharge
- pulmonary emphysema
- & occasionally*
- sub-Q emphysema from severely labored breathing
- pneumothorax from ruptured alveoli
