Food Animal Urology

Question 1

What is the reservation with using Lasix® to collect urine?

Answer 1

it lowers the specific gravity of the sample :(

Question 2

On urinalysis, what should a normal USG be?

Answer 2

• *1.020-1.040**
• & as low as 1.007 in dairy cows*

Question 3

Why might creatinine increase more quickly than BUN in the ruminant?

Answer 3

they have the ability to recycle urea thru the rumen

Question 4

Normal kidney function BUN/Crea parameters?

Answer 4

BUN: 10-30 mg/dL
​Crea: <2 mg/dL

Question 5

What dietary influences predispose ruminants to
struvite and/or calcium phosphate uroliths?

Answer 5

high concentrate diets;
diets high in calcium, magnesium, &/or phosphorus;
low Ca:P ratio;
pelleted rations;
​vit A deficiency

Question 6

Which factor may be the single most important factor in predisposition to uroliths in ruminants?

Answer 6

Water intake;
dirty water,
cold weather,
other illness

Question 7

What anatomical factors favor the development of obstruction?

Answer 7

long, convoluted urethra
{sigmoid flexures}; ​{urethral process in small ruminants}

early castration;

exogenous estrogens
{growth-promoting implants; keep ureters small}
*testosterone expands ureters*

Question 8

What type of calculi is pictured?

Answer 8

Phosphate calculi

Question 9

What type of calculi is pictured?

Answer 9

Calcium carbonate calculi

Question 10

How may we distinguish stranguria from constipation in small ruminants with suspected obstruction?

Answer 10

Digital palpation:
​urethral pulsation without urination

Question 11

How might the heart rate & respiratory rate be affected in small ruminants with urethral obstruction? What about any metabolic abnormalities?

Answer 11

Tachypnea; Tachycardia

*Hyperkalemia, elevated Crea, hypOchloremia, hypOnatremia, BUN normal until late…

*Crea of abdomen or SQ fluid 1.5-2x serum**

Question 12

How can we medically treat urethral obstruction/rupture?

Answer 12

Phenothiazine tranqs;

IV fluid support: 0.9% NaCl
{if hyperkalemic, add 1-2% Dextrose to fluids; may need added calcium};

make paramedian skin incisions to drain in cases of ruptured urethra,
slow drainage of uroperitoneum via trochanter in cases of rupture bladder

Question 13

How do we go about lavaging the urinary bladder?

Answer 13

Perform cystotomy under sedation/anesthesia & try to pull out as much fluid as we can from the bladder;
Walpol’s solution {glacial acetic acid};
titrations to acidic pH in bladder {ultrasound helpful!}

Question 14

Sequelae to untreated obstruction can include ruptured urethra or ruptured bladder. What would accumulate/develop in each of these to help us figure out which one happened?

Answer 14

ruptured urethra: accumulation of SQ urine ventrally
{ventral & preputial edema} —> skin slough & necrosis if not drained —> WORSE

ruptured bladder: development of uroperitoneum
—> may not cause much damage to peritoneal cavity

Question 15

What is the causative agent of Contagious Bovine Pyelonephritis & what are the clinical findings?

Answer 15

Corynebacterium renale

• hematuria
• pollakiuria
• pyuria
• thickened bladder wall
• enlarged ureters
• painful kidneys

Question 16

What does Leptospirosis cause in all domestic animals?

Answer 16

Multisystemic dz:
organism shed in urine—>infect mucous membranes

Chronic infection

• severe hemolytic dz
• diffuse interstitial nephritis
• tubular necrosis

Question 17

How do we diagnose Leptospirosis?

Answer 17

MAT
microscopic agglutination test
not used for hardjo

Question 18

What are the major nephrotoxic plant agents?
{4}

Answer 18

Amaranthus retroflexus

{pigweed}

Lilium

{Easter lilly}

Quercus
{Oak}

Xanthium spp.
{Cocklbur}

Question 19

What does bracken fern cause?

Answer 19

Bovine Enzootic Hematuria

chronic ingestion causes

• intermittent hematuria
• thickened bladder—> promotes bladder neoplasia {TCC}
• Occasionally cystitis

Question 20

What are some potential symptoms from Oak poisoning? {Quercus spp.}

Answer 20

• gastroenteritis
• hemorrhage
• edema
• renal lesions

Question 21

What pathology involving the progression of a chronic suppurative process and chronic antigenic stimulation resembles Johne’s disease?

Answer 21

Renal amyloidosis

• hypoproteinemia*
• proteinuria*
• edema*
• diarrhea*

Question 22

T or F:

Polycystic kidney disease is typically bilateral and calves usually are stillborn or die shortly after birth.

Answer 22

False.

usually unilateral

but the rest of the statement is true with regards to bilateral PKD

commonly found on necropsy: kidney enlarged w/Lg cysts or several small cysts

Question 23

Which common congenital defect includes the following signs:

• dysuria
• pollakiuria
• stranguria

Answer 23

urachal vestiges

persistent/infected urachus