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GI > Small Intestine > Flashcards

Small Intestine Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the small intestine

A
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • endocrine and neuronal control functions
  • barrier functions
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2
Q

barrier functions of small intestine

A

maintaining a barrier against pathogens

  • immune sampling
  • monitoring the presence of pathogens
  • translocation of bacteria
  • gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
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3
Q

average length of small intestine

A

250-450cm

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4
Q

describe the presence of bacteria in the small intestine

A

low bacterial population due to toxic environment

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5
Q

what creates the toxic environment of the small intestine

A

digestive enzymes
bile salts
presence of IgA etc.

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6
Q

how does the small intestine function to maintain body control

A
  • decontaminates dirty food
  • requires a lot of fluid
  • controlled hydrolysis to avoid fluid shifts
  • sophisticated control of motility
  • absorption against gradients
  • onward processing in the liver
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7
Q

what are the primary enzymes responsible for the break down of proteins

A

trypsin

chymotrypsin

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8
Q

what are proteins normally broken down to

A

amino acids

oligopeptides

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9
Q

what is the primary fat digestive enzyme

A

pancreatic lipase

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10
Q

what is fat broken down into

A

glycerol

free fatty acids

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11
Q

describe the absorption of glycerol and free fatty acids

A

absorbed via lacteal and the lymphatic system

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12
Q

primary carbohydrate digestive enzymes

A

pancreatic amylase

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13
Q

what are carbohydrates broken down to

A

disaccharides

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14
Q

what happens to disaccharides at the brush border of cells

A

final digestion and absorption

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15
Q

symptoms of small bowl disorders (general)

A
  • weight loss
  • increased appetite
  • diarrhoea
  • abdominal bloating
  • fatigue
  • sometimes steatorrhoea
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16
Q

what causes steatorrhoea

A

fat malabsorption resulting in high fat content in stool

17
Q

describe stools of steatorrhoea

A 
less dense
floats
pale
foul smelling
difficult to flush
may leave an oily mark
18
Q

signs of small bowl disorder

A
  • signs of weight loss

- low or falling BMI

19
Q

signs of vitamin D deficiency

A

tetant

osteomalacia

20
Q

signs of vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness – eyesight during day fine, at night cant see

21
Q

signs of vitamin K deficiency

A

raised PTR

22
Q

signs of vitamin B complex deficiency

A

-thiamine deficiency causing memory problems/ dementia

Niacin - dermatitis, unexplained heart failure

23
Q

signs vitamin C deficiency

A

scurvy

24
Q

what can clubbing be a sign of small bowl

A
  • coeliac

- crohns

25
Q

what can aphthous ulceration be a sign of small bowl

A

coeliac

crohns

26
Q

tests of small bowl structure

A
  • biopsy
  • study using barium
  • CT
  • MRI enterography
  • capsule enterography
  • white cell scan
27
Q

what is capsule enterography

A

little pill with the camera that you swallow

28
Q

what is the test for bacterial overgrowth in the large intestine, and why is this relevant to the small intestine

A

H2 breath test

large bowl is getting a lot of unabsorbed food cause small bowl is not functioning properly, and the bacteria feed on this producing hydrogen

29
Q

what are the primary serology tests for coeliac disease most - least reliable

A

serum IgA

Anti TTG IgA

IgG

30
Q

iatrogenic meaning

A

relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment.

31
Q

explain the reliability of H2 breath test, and how the results should be interpreted

A

Positive result = reliable, treat with rotating antibiotics

Negative result = not reliable,. the patient may still have a bacterial overgrowth and its just not been detected. If there is no alternative diagnosis, and suspect they have one, give them a cycle of rotating antibiotics to see if it makes a difference

32
Q

describe the treatment of bacterial overgrowth

A

rotating antibiotics @ 2 weeks each

  • metronidazole
  • tetracycline
  • amoxycillin

GI (35 decks)

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