Nutrition in Health and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

diet

A

sum of total of all foods ingested

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2
Q

food

A

individual item ingested

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3
Q

nutrients

A

chemically defined compounds required by the body

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4
Q

variable components of energy demand in the body

A
  • processing of dietary intake
  • physical activity
  • maintaining body temperature
  • growth
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5
Q

what is used to estimate nutritional requirements of a person

A

basal metabolic rate (via Schofield equation)

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6
Q

Key concepts of nutritional failure

A
  • failure to meet the nutritional requirements of the individual
  • development of deficiencies
  • weight loss
  • obesity
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7
Q

different ways malnutrition can present

A
  • marasmus
  • kwashiorkor
  • obesity
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8
Q

malnutrition definition

A

a state of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/ body for, body function and clinical outcome

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9
Q

how do we define over-nutrition

A

BMI>25 overweight

BMI>30 obese

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10
Q

how is malnutrition defined

A

BMI < 20 underweight
BMI < 18 physical impairment
BMI < 16 increasingly severe consequences

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11
Q

malnutrition universal screening tool

A
  • picks up patients at risk of malnutrition
  • validated in the community and hospital
  • can be carried out by people without special training
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12
Q

what score on the malnutrition universal screening tool suggests malnutrition

A

2+

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13
Q

what factors increase risk of malnutrition

A
increasing age
female
social isolation
illness
socially vulnerable groups
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14
Q

clinical consequences of malnutrition

A
  • impaired immune function
  • reduced muscle strength
  • impaired wound healing
  • impaired psycho-social function
  • poorer clinical outcomes
  • impaired recovery from illness and surgery
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15
Q

how much does undernutrition cost the UK per annum

A

£13billion

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16
Q

what is the procedure for determining treatment in a patient with suspected malnutrition

A
  • take a history
  • examine the patient
  • analyse the problem
  • work out what their nutritional requirement is
17
Q

2 ways of working out nutritional requirement, and which is easier and harder

A
  1. work it out yourself using the Schofield method

2. refer patient to a dietician and get them to work out the nutritional requirement

18
Q

3 primary causes of undernutrition

A
  1. appetite failure
  2. access failure
  3. intestinal failure
19
Q

examples of appetite failure

A
  • anorexia nervosa

- disease related

20
Q

examples of access failure that can lead to malnutrition

A
  • teeth
  • stroke
  • cancer of head and neck
  • head injury
21
Q

describe intestinal failure

A

reduction in the functioning gut mass below the minimal amount necessary for adequate digestion and absorption of nutrients

22
Q

solutions to access problems

A

fine bore nasogastric tube

PEG

23
Q

describe a percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy

A

patient sedated

endoscopy carried out

needle and guide-wire into stomach

tube pulled back down and out of the skin

can be placed radiologically

safe but carries definite risks

can last 18 months without replacement

can be used at home

24
Q

management of nutritional failure

A
  • establish IV feeding
  • deal with sepsis urgently
  • small amounts of enteral feeding