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Clinical Procedures II > Small Animal ECC > Flashcards

Small Animal ECC Flashcards

1
Q

What should an initial triage include

A

brief history, quick PE, resuscitation status

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2
Q

What are the ABC’s of a primary survey

A

Airway, attitude
Breathing, bleeding
Cardiovascular, circulation

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3
Q

What should you always do if in doubt of patient respiratory status

A

start supplemental oxygen until further assessment can be completed

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4
Q

What is inspiratory dyspnea

A

long slow inspirations with short exhalations

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5
Q

What is usually the cause of inspiratory dyspnea

A

extrathoracic airway obstruction, such as larpar or swelling associated w/ an acute hypersensitivity reaction

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6
Q

What is expiratory dyspnea

A

increased abdominal effort on expiration

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7
Q

What causes expiratory dyspnea

A

intrathoracic obstruction, such as mass compressing the airway or inhaled foreign body

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8
Q

Labored breathing is

A

prolonged and deep

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9
Q

restrictive breathing is

A

fast, short, and shallow; (usually from impaired ability to expand the lungs like rib fractures, effusion, etc.)

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10
Q

Orthopnea is

A

maintaining a specific posture to ease breathing

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11
Q

orthopneic patients can become _ or _ if repositioned

A

distressed or aggressive

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12
Q

Decreased mentation can indicate

A

shock

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13
Q

Vitals of the cardiovascular system

A

Menatation
HR and rhythm
Pulse quality
Extremity temperature
MM color
CRT

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14
Q

Elevated _ levels can be extremely bad for a patient with increase intracranial pressure and traumatic brain injury

A

carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What is anisocoria

A

one big pupil and one little pupil

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16
Q

Signs of severe abdominal pain

A

arched back, praying posture

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17
Q

What is tympany

A

swelling of the abdomen with air or gas

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18
Q

What should be looked for upon quick abdominal palpation

A

pain, tympany, a fluid wave

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19
Q

Common causes of dehydration

A

v/d, excessive panting, PU, decreased water intake

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20
Q

Clinical signs of dehydration

A

tacky or dry MM
lack of skin turgor
mental status
body weight

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21
Q

Common laboratory abnormalities in dehydrated patients

A

-Hemoconcentration (abnormally high concentration of blood)

-Azotemia (too much nitrogen, creatinine, and other waste products in the blood)

-Hypernatremia (a rise in serum sodium concentration due to net water loss or excess sodium intake)

-Elevated albumin

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22
Q

Hypovolemia is

A

a loss of intravascular volume

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23
Q

Hypovolemia commonly occurs with

A

shock, trauma, hemorrhage or profuse v/d

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24
Q

vitals of hypovolemic shock

A

tachycardia
weak pulses
hypotension
prolonged CRT

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25
Q

What is needs to be done immediately for a hypovolemic patient

A

restore blood volume quickly

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26
Q

High-yield diagnostics that determine overall patient stability

A

PCV
TP
BG
Blood gas analysis
BP
Pulse ox
ECG
FAST scan

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27
Q

What should be provided throughout the initial stabilization, diagnostics, and secondary tx phases

A

fluid therapy

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28
Q

Shock is a complex syndrome resulting from

A

altered blood flow or impaired delivery of oxygen to tissues

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29
Q

What does early stages of shock look like

A

-Depressed or anxious
-Tachycardic and tachypneic
-Normal, decreased, or increased pulse

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30
Q

Terminal stage of shock looks like

A

Massive vasodilation, hypotension, cardiac arrest

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31
Q

What type of shock is described?
-Most common type in cats and dogs

-Trauma, hemorrhage, severe v/d

-Decreased intravascular fluid volume

-Delayed CRT, weak pulse, pale mm, altered mentation

-Tx: restore intravascular volume (IV fluids +/- transfusion)

A

Hypovolemic shock

32
Q

What type of shock is described?
-Maldistribution of blood flow, from inappropriate vasodilation leading to pooling of blood in capillaries

-Anaphylaxis, heat stroke, and envenomation

-Weak or bounding pulse, pink mm

-Tx: fluid therapy, vasopressors

A

Distributive shock

33
Q

What type of shock is described?
-Venous return to heart is impaired

-GDV or pericardial tamponade (collapse of right atrium)

-Tx: tx underlying cause

A

Obstructive shock

34
Q

What type of shock is described?
-Secondary to heart problems

-Weak pulse, hypotension, pale mm, +/- cold extremities, pulmonary edema, heart murmur

-Fluids are contraindicated!!!

-Tx: improve heart function; diuretics needed to resolve pulmonary edema

A

Cardiogenic shock

35
Q

What type of shock is described?
-Severe infection insult (pneumonia, parvo, bowel perf. , bite wounds, etc.

-Can also occur as a sequela to severe tissue damage (ex: heat stroke, pancreatitis)

-Bright red mm, fever, and bounding pulse

-As it progresses, mm turn pale and weaker pulses

-Tx: tx source of infection, fluid therapy, and broad- spectrum antbx

A

Septic shock

36
Q

Shock results in widespread _ _ and damage, and the inflammation can progress from local to systemic

A

tissue hypoxia

37
Q

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) can lead to

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)- concurrent thrombosis and bleeding

38
Q

Another complication of shock and sepsis is Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), secondary to SIRS. This causes?

A

permanent organ failure and death

39
Q

Prep for abdominocentesis

A

left lateral recumbency, aseptic prep, 20/22-g needle or catheter placed in the 4 quadrants around umbilicus

40
Q

If abdominal fluid seems hemorrhagic, observe for _

A

clotting; if clot develops, this is fresh blood vs free fluid in the abdomen

41
Q

Thoracic drain placement (AKA chest tube) may be necessary with large amounts of fluid or air and should be placed if:

A

more than 2 thoracocenteseses are needed within a few hours

42
Q

Mechanical ventilation is a means of

A

long term intensive respiratory support to critically ill patients

43
Q

Complications of mechanical ventilation

A

pressure ulcers
peripheral edema
edematous tongue
pneumonia

44
Q

Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is

A

cessation of spontaneous respirations and lack of perfusing heart rhythm

45
Q

Some animals will have _ _ before a full CPA- timing is crucial for survival

A

respiratory arrest

46
Q

Absence of _ is sufficient to start CPR

A

respiration

47
Q

Advanced life support methods

A

medications
defibrillation
open-chest procedures

48
Q

Delaying compressions is worse than

A

performing them on an animal not in CPA

49
Q

how much breathes should you deliver to a patient during CPR and how often

A

10brpm; 1-second inspiration and 5-second expiration

50
Q

How should CPR be performed on cats and small dogs <5-7kgs

A

lateral recumbency, one hadn’t circling the ventral chest, compressions performed directly over heart using whole hand

51
Q

CPR for keel-chested dogs (greyhounds)

A

at 5th intercostal space with dog in lateral position

52
Q

Round-chested cpr (chest w/ similar width and depth)

A

apply compressions to widest part of chest with dog in lateral

53
Q

For quality chest compressions, you should compress the thoracic walk by

A

30-50%

54
Q

CPR bpm for cats and dogs

A

100-12o bpm

55
Q

As compressions restore perfusion, ETCO2 should rise and reach _mm Hg or higher

A

15

56
Q

Check every - seconds for return of spontaneous circluation (ROSC)

A

10-15

57
Q

What is open chest CPR

A

making an incision in the left 5th intercostal space, freeing the heart from its attachments, and directly massaging the heart from apex to base

58
Q

If patient is still in CPA after the first cycle, _ +/- _ are often employed

A

medications; defibrillation

59
Q

What is asystole

A

complete cessation of all mechanical and electrical activity in the heart

60
Q

What is it called when the electrical system of the heart is functioning (as evidence by ECG) but no mechanical heartbeat occurs in response to electrical stimulation

A

PEA

61
Q

V-fib is highly disorganized contractile activity of the heart, often preceded by a

A

rapid pulseless ventricular tachycardia

62
Q

initial dose of defibrillation

A

4 joules per kg (.4J / kg with open chest paddles)

63
Q

NAVEL stands for

A

Naloxone, atropine, vasopressin, epi, and lidocaine

64
Q

Endotracheal tube drug doses are _times IV dose

A

2x

65
Q

Up to _% undergo another CPA within 12 hours

A

82

66
Q

overall survival rate for all causes of CPA is

A

4-9%

67
Q

After successful CPR, tx should focus on

A

treating the underlying cause of CPA and treating the systemic effects of the CPA and resuscitation

68
Q

_ may be needed in immediate post arrest period

A

Ventilation

69
Q

How does hypoxia and hypotension effect GI tract

A

leads to breakdown of GI mucosal barrier, which can cause transiocation of bacteria into systemic circulation. Potential for sepsis

70
Q

How to monitor kidneys post arrest

A

monitor fluid in and out to maintain fluid balance

71
Q

Anoxic, hypoxic, and repercussion injury manifest as _ edema

A

cerebral

72
Q

Furosemide should NOT be used with

A

hypovolemia

73
Q

_ and _ are especially sensitive to alterations in BP

A

brain and kidneys

74
Q

BP cuff width should be -% of the circumference of the limb at the site of cuff placement

A

30-50

75
Q

Arterial BP: during each cardiac cycle, BP varies from a max (systolic pressure) and a minimum pressure (diastolic pressure). MAP is the average and should range from -

A

70-100mm Hg

76
Q

Most common sites of catheterization of artery

A

dorsal metatarsal and femoral

77
Q

Four basic features of ECG

A

HR, Heart rhythm, P-QRS-T waveforms and intervals, Mean electrical axis (MEA)

Clinical Procedures II (8 decks)

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