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Clinical Procedures II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Indications for urine collection by cysto

A

obtain uncontaminated urine samples from the bladder and to aid in localization of hematuria, pyuria, and bacteruria

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2
Q

Equipment for cystocentesis

A

22 gauge needle, 1.5 inches
6cc syringe

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3
Q

Ultrasound guided cysto is used when the bladder cannot be palpated because:

A

patient is tense
patient is obese
bladder is small

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4
Q

When should suction be applied during ultrasound guided cysto

A

once the needle is visible within the bladder lumen

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5
Q

In blind cysto on females, the needle should enter:

A

where the fluid/alcohol pools

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6
Q

In blind cysto on the male, insert the needle:

A

lateral to the penis halfway between the tip of the penis and the scrotum

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7
Q

When doing cystocentesis, the needle should never

A

be redirected once it is in the abdominal cavity

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8
Q

Always make sure to release ___ before withdrawing the needle

A

negative aspiration pressure

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9
Q

Contraindications for cysto

A

bleeding disorders
potential pyometra or prostatic abscess
suspected bladder neoplasm
empty bladder
inadequate restraint

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10
Q

Male cat urinary catheter equipment

A

3 1/2 French stiff polypropylene catheter
3 1/2 French or 5 French soft plastic tubing
Olive tip metal catheter
Sterile gloves and lube

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11
Q

3 1/2 French stiff polypropylene catheter

A

open ended tom cat catheter- for relief of urethral obstruction and collection of urine, not for indwelling. open end allows flushing to aid passage

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12
Q

3 1/2 French or 5 French soft plastic tubing

A

soft infant feeding tube for indwelling catheter, collection of urine sample

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13
Q

Olive tip metal catheter

A

for relief of urethral obstruction only, not for urine collection or indwelling catheter

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14
Q

When placing a U-cath in a male cat, the penis should be pulled _ _ _ so the long axis of the penile urethra is parallel to the vertebral column

A

straight back caudally

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15
Q

If resistance is met during U-cath placement for a male cat, the catheter can be

A

flushed during advancement with sterile saline

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16
Q

Equipment for placement of a U-cath in a male dog

A

4-10 (depending on size of dog) French stiff polypropylene catheter
4-10 French soft plastic tubing
Sterile gloves
Sterile lube

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17
Q

How should you estimate the length of a catheter for male dog

A

by holding the catheter next to the dog

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18
Q

When collecting urine via U-cath, the first - mls of urine should be discarded

A

5-6mls

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19
Q

Equipment for u-cath on female dog

A

4-10 French stiff prolypropylene catheter
4-10 French Foley self retaining catheter wire stylette (for indwelling)
Speculum
Sterile gloves
Lube

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20
Q

Polypropylene catheter characteristics

A

-rigid
-for urine collection only
-may cause bladder or urethral irritation or trauma if used long-term

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21
Q

Foley catheter characteristics

A

-soft
-wire stylet to add rigidity during catheterization
-self-retaining balloon

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22
Q

Ocular Procedures

A

Schirmer Tear test
Tonometry
Conjunctival Culture
Fluorescein staining
Flushing the Nasolacrimal Ducts
Subpalpebral lavage

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23
Q

Tears provide:

A

-Oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
-Flush away debris
-Maintain hydration of the cornea and conjunctiva
-Inhibit bacterial growth

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24
Q

Purpose if schirmer tear test

A

to measure the aqueous component of basal and reflex tear production

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25
Q

Indications for schirmer tear test

A

Patient presents with:
-a red eye
-with mucoid or purulent ocular discharge
-pigmentary keratitis
-monitoring tx of a patient with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)
-monitoring dogs being treated w/ medications may decrease tear production

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26
Q

STT must be done before:

A

any other ocular procedures are performed to obtain accurate results

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27
Q

You should avoid the following before STT measurement

A

-excessive manipulation of the eyelids
-the administration of topical anesthetic
-systemic medications

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28
Q

STT equipment

A

STT strips

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29
Q

STT technique

A

fold the notched end of the sterile strip, inserting the strip between the lower eyelid and the cornea at the lateral third of the lower eyelid

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30
Q

STT strip must stay in place for

A

1 minute

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31
Q

Normal value for STT test in dogs

A

15-25mm/min

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32
Q

Normal value for STT test in cats

A

10-15mm/min.

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33
Q

Tonometry

A

-Important method for measuring IOP
-Important for the dx and control of glaucoma as well as uveitis

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34
Q

Normal value for IOP in cats and dogs

A

20 +/- 5 mmHg

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35
Q

Purpose of conjunctival culture

A

to identify infectious pathogens of the conjunctiva

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36
Q

Indication for conjunctival culture

A

severe chronic conjunctivitis that has not improved with antibiotic therapy

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37
Q

Equipment for conjunctival culture

A

sterile swabs for bacterial and fungal culture
transport medium

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38
Q

Conjunctival culture technique

A

-Moisten the end of a sterile cotton-tipped swab with sterile saline
-Gently swab the conjunctival sac, avoiding the eyelid margins
-Replace the swab in the transport tube or inoculate medium immediately

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39
Q

Purpose of fluorescein staining

A

to detect and characterize corneal ulcers, as well as to assess the latency of the nasolacrimal ducts

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40
Q

Indications for fluorescein staining

A

-painful or red eyes
-patient w/ clouding of the cornea
-patient w/ chronic watery ocular discharge
-mucoid or purulent discharge

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41
Q

Fluoroscein staining equipment

A

test strips
eye wash
gauze sponges/hand towel
light source/ woods lamp

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42
Q

Fluorescein staining technique

A

-moistening of the end of a strip of fluorescein w/ a few drops of sterile eye wash (or place strip in syringe contain 1-2 ml of eye wash)
-elevating the upper eyelid and touching the moistened tip of the fluorescein strip against the bulbar conjunctiva

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43
Q

Stain uptake on the cornea indicates

A

a disruption in the epithelium, suggesting a corneal ulcer or erosion

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44
Q

The appearance of green dye at the external nares indicates that

A

the nasolacrimal punch and duct are patent

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45
Q

Failure of stain to drain indicates

A

obstruction by:
cellular debris
mucus
swelling
compression by mass

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46
Q

Purpose for flushing the nasolacrimal ducts

A

to relieve minor obstructions of the nasolacrimal duct

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47
Q

Equipment for flushing the nasolacrimal ducts

A

-gauze sponges
-topical ophthalmic anesthetic
-sterile 23-27 gauge nasolacrimal cannula
-3ml syringe containing sterile saline or eye wash

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48
Q
A
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49
Q

Indications for orogastric intubation

A

-administer meds, constrast material, or nutrition directly to the stomach
-to remove or sample stomach contents and to perform gastric lavage
-to attempt decompression of a dilated stomach

50
Q

Animal should be in _ recumbency for placement of orogastric tube

A

sternal

51
Q

Measurement for placement of orogastric tube

A

tip at level of last rib, mark the point on the tube at the oral opening

52
Q

Orogastric intubation procedure

A

-Moisten tip of tube w/ lubricating jelly
-Insert speculum into animal’s mouth and hold jaws closed on speculum
-Pass lubricated tube through the speculum
-Advance the tube to the remarked point

53
Q

Techniques to determine proper location of orogastric tube

A

A. Palpate the tube w/in the neck
B.Smell the end of the tube for odor
C.Blow into the tube while asst. auscults stomach for gurgling
D.Administer of 5mls of sterile saline through stomach tube and observe for cough

54
Q

Potential complications for orogastric intubation

A

-administration of material into the lungs
-esophageal trauma
-gastric irritation
-gastric perforation
-aspiration pneumonia

55
Q

Indications for stomach tubing neonates

A

to provide nutrition to a neonatal puppy or kitten who is unwilling or unable to nurse

56
Q

Contraindications and warnings for stomach tubing neonates

A

-hypothermia cause delayed gastric emptying so should not be performed when body temp is less than 94 F
-use as large a tube as possible making it more difficult to inadvertently pass the tube into the smaller trachea

57
Q

Guidlines for stomach tubing neonates

A

5-8 French tube if <300 grams body weight
10-14 French tube if >300 grams body weight

58
Q

Eliminate _ from the tube and syringe when stomach tubing neonates

A

air

59
Q

Puppy should be in _ position when passing stomach tube

A

upright

60
Q

You should remove the stomach tube from a neonate immediately if:

A

coughs, dyspnea, or crying

61
Q

Average stomach volume of neonate

A

4-5 ml/100g body weight

62
Q

After feeding neonate through stomach tube,

A

-wait 5-10 seconds and slowly remove the tube
-hold the puppy upright for 1-2 minutes to minimize reflux and regurgitation

63
Q

Nasogastric intubation indications

A

administer meds, rad contrast material, or nutrition and water, bypassing the requirement for the patient to swallow or eat voluntarily

64
Q

Nasogastric tube should be inserted into the _ aspect of the anesthetized nostril

A

ventromedial

65
Q

How to check for proper placement of nasogastric tube

A

instill 1-2mls of sterile saline into tube. If tube was inadvertently placed into the trachea, the animal will cough

66
Q

If nasogastric tube must be maintained, _ or _ in place

A

glue, suture

67
Q

Potential complications for nasogastric tube

A

aspiration pneumonia
esophageal trauma
gastric irritation

68
Q

Equipment for esophageal feeding tube in cats

A

-12-16 Fr red rubber or silicone feeding tube
-Surgical scalpel w/ no. 11blade
-Curved 5-6 inch hemostatic forceps
-Sterile gloves
-Bandage material and suture

69
Q

Esophageal tube length in cats should be measured

A

from the mid thorax to the planned insertion point in the midcervical region and this length marked on the tube

70
Q

If an esophageal tube passes into the stomach it will cause

A

gastroesophageal reflux and regurgitation

71
Q

What is proptosis

A

the forward displacement of the globe

72
Q

How does proptosis occur?

A

traumatic injury, excessive pressure in or behind eye, excessive pressure around the neck from a collar

73
Q

What is exophthalmos

A

the protrusion of a normal-sized globe from its usual position

74
Q

Descemetocele is an ulcer that has progressed to

A

the last layer of the cornea

75
Q

what is hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber

76
Q

Common breeds for Anterior lens luxation

A

terriers, cattle dogs, Chinese cresteds, GSD, shar pei, border collies

77
Q

peripheral venous catheters are usually placed in

A

cephalic, medial and lateral saphenous veins

78
Q

Central venous catheters are often placed

A

in the external jugular vein in dogs and cats

79
Q

When should Intraosseous catheters be placed

A

only when IV catheterization is not possible

80
Q

What blade should you shave the patient with before catheter placement

A

40

81
Q

What Is used for aseptic prep of a catheter

A

Chlorehexidine solution
Alcohol
Betadine

82
Q

Through-the-needle catheters are usually placed in

A

jugular vessels

83
Q

Multilumen catheters are good for:

A

-long term fluid or drug therapy
-delivering multiple fluids or drugs
-incompatible solutions can be administered

84
Q

Always start as _ as possible when placing a catheter

A

distal

85
Q

Where is the carotid artery located to the jugular vein

A

ventromedial

86
Q

IO catheters provides rapid vascular access into the

A

medullary cavity of a bone

87
Q

Most common sites for IO catheterization

A

medullary canal of the femur or humerus

88
Q

How to determine placement of IO catheter

A

Palpate the greater trochanter and walk the tip of the needle medially off of the greater trochanter into the trochanteric fossa

89
Q

IV catheter site should be assessed during tx times every _ hours if the animal is receiving fluid therapy

A

2

90
Q

Bandages should be changed every _ hours or if they become wet or soiled

A

24

91
Q

IV catheters are flushed with _ _ every 6-8 hours if continuous IV drip is not being administered

A

heparanized saline

92
Q

IV catheters should be replaced every _ days

A

3

93
Q

IV Catheters for patients with urinary incontinence should be placed in

A

cephalic or jugular vessels

94
Q

Patients that are vomiting should have IV Catheter placed in

A

lateral or medial saphenous veins, or jugular

95
Q

Pediatric patients body water content

A

70%-80%

96
Q

Geriatric patients body water content

A

55%-60%

97
Q

Body water is lost through

A

respiration, urination, and excretion under normal circumstances

98
Q

Excess body fluids may be lost by

A

vomiting, diarrhea, increased urination

99
Q

Fluid therapy is used to

A

restore and/or maintain body water

100
Q

Indications for oral route of fluid therapy

A

mild dehydration, short term illness, small patients, animals w/ feeding tubes

101
Q

indications for SQ fluid therapy

A

mild dehydration and non-hospitalized animals

102
Q

Indications for IV fluid therapy

A

Dehydration, Hypovolemia, Anorexia/V+/D+ for days, sx procedures, drug administration

103
Q

Indications for IO fluid therapy route

A

cardiovascular collapse, lack of IV access, neonatal patients, exotic patients, short term until IV access maintained

104
Q

Hypovolemia refers to

A

loss of circulating volume from the intravascular compartment

105
Q

Hypervolemia known as fluid overload is

A

medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood

106
Q

Untreated, severe dehydration leads to

A

hypovolemia

107
Q

Hypovolemia can exist in an adequately hydrated patient such as one who experiences

A

trauma

108
Q

Heart rate typically increases in response to

A

decreased intravascular volume

109
Q

_ _ quality may change as intravascular volume decreases

A

femoral pulse

110
Q

Severe dehydration, poor perfusion, and marked hypovolemia typically lead to

A

decreased body temp.

111
Q

_ can cause an increase in both PCV and TS measurements

A

dehydration

112
Q

Dehydration may cause the _ value to appear falsely elevated in the anemic patients

A

PCV

113
Q

Loss of body water causes the concentration of urea in the circulating blood to increase in

A

dehydrated patients with normal renal function

114
Q

Delivery systems for fluids

A

Gravity feed, IV flow regulators, fluid pumps, burette

115
Q

Burettes are helpful in avoiding

A

accidental administration of large amount of fluid volumed to small patients

116
Q

IV fluid warmer is used to help reduce the risk of _ during anesthesia

A

hypothermia

117
Q

Complications of volume overload from fluid therapy

A

peripheral edema, cough, increased RR, serous nasal discharge, pulmonary edema or plural effusion

118
Q

Peripheral edema- changes are most obvious in the

A

conjunctiva and hock areas

119
Q

Conjunctival edema is called

A

chemoses

120
Q

Eyes become _ in orbits in an animals with moderate to marked dehydration

A

sunken

Clinical Procedures II (8 decks)

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