Ch. 10 Animal Reproduction Flashcards
Ovulation:
the release of oocyte from the follicle
After ovulation, the empty follicular sac fills with a clot called
corpus hemorrhagicum
What hormone increases in ovulation
progesterone
Fertilization occurs in the
last part of the oviduct
During fertilization the oocyte becomes _ _
multicellular blastocyst
_ _ (CL) forms after ovulation
corpus luteum
During fertilization the zygote releases _ _ _ (ECF)
early conception factor
In fertilization if embryo does not release conception factor _ regresses
Corpus luteum (CL)
Superfecundation
multiple sires of two or more offspring in one gestation
Superfetation
-pregnant female conceives again while pregnant
-rare under normal conditions
Outermost cell of zygote become _
placenta
Uterine-placental attachment
number of layers separating maternal and fetal blood
Distribution of contact points
-Diffuse
-Cotyledonary
-Zonary
-Discoid
Hormones from these sites control sperm and testosterone production:
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
gonads
Spermtogenesis completed in _ _
seminiferous tubule
Development to ejaculation:
62 days
Puberty in canines
7-12 months
Mature female canine is called
bitch, dam
Neutered female:
ovariectomized, spayed
Mature male canine is called
dog, stud
Birthing in canine is called
whelping
Canine estrous cycle averages about - months but varies from under 4 to over 12 months
6-7
Four stages of canine estrous cycle that repeat
-Proestrus: time leading to estrus
-Estrus:time of sexual receptivity & mating
-Diestrus: time of pregnancy establishment
-Anestrus: time when female is not undergoing reproductive events
Parturition (birth) occurs between _ and _ if pregnancy has been established
diestrus & anestrus
Canine breeding occurs during
estrus
What should be measured to determine time of canine breeding
P4 and LH spikes
How to measure P4 and LH spikes
vaginal cytology and bitch behavior
Artificial insemination techniques
vaginal, surgical, transcervical, fresh or frozen semen precautions
_-day gestation for canines
60
Dx of canine gestation
Palpation: 21-30 days
Ultrasound: 21-28 days
Radiographs: after 43 days (fetal count, size, and presentation 2-4 days before due
Canine parturition (whelp) stage one:
-last 6-12 hours, but can last up to 36 hrs
-restlessness, nesting behavior
-uterine contractions without an abnormal component
-temp. drop about 24 hours before state 2
What stage of canine parturition does the following occur:
-puppies delivered at this stage; takes 20-60 minutes
-60% anterior, 40% breech
stage 2
Canine dystocia: consult vet promptly if:
-strong continual contractions from 30min w/out progress
-weak ,infrequent contractions for 2 hours w/out progress
-prolonged interval between puppies
-malpsotioning or large size
What is used to assess fetal viability
ultrasound
Puberty in felines
4-12 months, 5-6 lbs (female)
mature female feline is called
queen
mature male cat is called a
tom
birthing in felines is called
queening
Felines are _ ovulators
induced (daylight dependent)
Estrus behaviors in feline
-increased vocalizing
-rolling, lordosis, treading in place
-maybe: anorexia and spraying
Breeding is best on the _ day of estrus for felines
3rd
3 possible of outcomes of feline estrous cycle
pregnancy, non pregnancy, no ovulation
Primary hormones for feline estrous cycle
FSH, LH, P4, E2, Prolactin, Relaxin
Dx of feline gestation
signs: larger teats, weight gain
ultrasound: heartbeat at 16 days
palpation: 18 days
radiograph: after day 40
Feline parturition can take how long?
couple of hours to over a day
What stage of feline parturition is described:
-uterine contractions, no abdominal contractions
-nesting and decreased activity
-increased fetal movements; lactational secretion
-relaxation around perineal area
-ends w/ chorioallantoic membrane rupture
stage 1
stage 2 of feline parturition
fetuses delivered
stage 3 feline parturition
-placenta passed
-uterus returns to normal
T/F: feline dystocia is rare and is mostly in purebred
true
Fetal causes of feline dystocia
large size, lateral deviation of head, breech
Maternal causes of feline dystocia
uterine torsion, primary and secondary uterine inertia, small pelvis size (malnutrition or very young)
Queens can usually ___ in dystocia
assist herself
Considerations for feline dystocia
oxytocin, C-section
Immature equine is called a
foal
Equine 6-12 months are called
weanlings
Puberty for equine
filly (1-2years) ; colts (3 years)
mature female equine (0-2years)
mare, filly
A horse may be called ovariectomized, spayed but _ is rarely removed
uterus
mature male equine (less 3 years) is called
a stallion, or stud
neutered male equine is called
gelding
birthing is called _ in equine
foaling
Puberty in equine
between 12nand 24 months
peak of estrous activity in equine occurs near
June 21 (longest day of the year)
Equine are _ polyestrous
seasonally (effects of light and temp. , effects of nutrition and stress
equines ovulate _ hours before end of heat
48
Equine estrus is possible without _ _ _
signs of heat
Cervix should be _ in equine estrus
closed
Progesterone decreases 14 days _ ovulation in equine
post
_ and _ used to manipulate cycling in equine
lighting and hormones
Influences on equine reproduction
-breed associations’ age requirements
-human-imposed breeding season
Reproductive tract exam
palpate via rectum very carefully
conformation of vulva
visual vaginal exam
Equine breeding insemination types
natural and artificial
Dx of equine gestation
ultrasound 13 or 14 days, rectal palpation
Equine parturition occurs between _ and _ days
320-360
Induction of equine parturition
-weigh risks
-rectal palpation at 130 days: viability, presentation, position, posture
-before induction: colostrum, relaxed vulva and pelvic ligaments, cervical dilation at least 2.5cm
Equine parturition is _ and _
rapid and strenuous
Equine stage 2 parturition:
-begins w/ rupture of chorioallantois
-fetus should be out within 70 minutes for best chance of survival
-foals must get colostrum within a few hours
-careful observation for milestones and/or distress
First postpartum estrous in equine (foal heat)
within 2-18 days
often bred to maintain foaling interval of 12 months
Puberty in cows
10-12 months, 50-60% adult weight
neutered male cow is called
steer, ox
mature male cow is called
bull
birthing in cows is called
calving
Bovine estrous cycle last about _ days
21
bovine heat is only about -
7-8
Two types of estrous cycles in cows
-Follicular: follicles increase; luteal tissue regresses
-Luteal: CL develops; progesterone rises
Average gestation of cows
279-283 days
Dx of cow gestation
rectal palpation after 28 days, ultrasound few days sooner
Signs of cow gestation
udder enlargement, relaxed pelvic ligaments, tilted tail head and hips, edematous and elongated vulva
Stage 1 of cow parturition
-6 to 24 hours
-uterine contractions
-Ferguson reflex
What stage of cow parturition is described:
-2 to 12 hours
-rupture of chorioallantoic membrane
-release of oxytocin and PGF2alpha
-strong abdominal and uterine contractions
-fetus is delivered
stage 2
what stage of cow parturition is described:
-3 days to weeks
-placenta is passed
-uterus starts to return to normal
stage 3
immature ovine (sheep) is called
lamb
puberty in ovine (sheep)
5-12 months, 60-70% adult weight
mature female ovine is called an
ewe
mature male ovine is called
ram
neutered male ovine is called a
wether
caprine (goat) 0-3 months is called
kid
puberty for caprine
3-7 months, more than 40% adult weight
mature female goat is called
doe
mature male caprine is called
buck, billy
neutered male caprine is called
wether
birthing in caprine is called
kidding
Ovicaprine estrous cycle is _ _
seasonally polyestrous (late summer to early winter)
Estrus in ovicaprine
-raised, flicking tail; vulva swollen and red
-females seek males and urinate in their presence
-females responsive to male pheromones
_ and _ may be bred during their first fall
lambs and doelings
You should flush female ovicaprine with a BCS under _
2.5
breed ovicaprine toward _ of estrus
end
Methods of detection for ovicaprine gestation
chalk changes, ultrasound (rectal 25 days, trans abdominal at 35 days or later)
Ovicaprine have low abortion rates but causes include:
-plant toxins, dietary deficiencies, some drugs
-leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, chlamoydophila abortus infections
Immature camelid is called
cria
puberty for camelids is
10-12 months, 65% adult weight
birthing for a camelid is called
unpacking
Estrus in llama and alpaca
up to 36 days
male maturity in llama and alpaca
adhesions of pensi to prepuce break down at about 3 years
Camelids are _ ovulators
induced
Gestation for camelid
340-350 days
Camelids have _ abortion incidence: 10-50%, usually in first 60 days
high
Camelid parturition stages
-stage 1: last 1-2 hours
-stage 2: expulsion of fetus, 20-30 minutes
-stage 3: 1-4 hours, expulsion of placenta (within 6 hours or treat with oxytocin), ovulation and fertility return at 20 days postpartum
Primary factors involved in breeding soundness exam (BSE) for males
-reproductive characteristics
-semen quality
-attitude, disposition, libido
-any system abnormalities
BSE in females
-reproductive and health history
-preparation for a vaginal exam
-issues of non-contamination
-endometrial biopsy
