Ch. 10 Animal Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
Ovulation:
A
the release of oocyte from the follicle
2
Q
After ovulation, the empty follicular sac fills with a clot called
A
corpus hemorrhagicum
3
Q
What hormone increases in ovulation
A
progesterone
4
Q
Fertilization occurs in the
A
last part of the oviduct
5
Q
During fertilization the oocyte becomes _ _
A
multicellular blastocyst
6
Q
_ _ (CL) forms after ovulation
A
corpus luteum
7
Q
During fertilization the zygote releases _ _ _ (ECF)
A
early conception factor
8
Q
In fertilization if embryo does not release conception factor _ regresses
A
Corpus luteum (CL)
9
Q
Superfecundation
A
multiple sires of two or more offspring in one gestation
10
Q
Superfetation
A
-pregnant female conceives again while pregnant
-rare under normal conditions
11
Q
Outermost cell of zygote become _
A
placenta
12
Q
Uterine-placental attachment
A
number of layers separating maternal and fetal blood
13
Q
Distribution of contact points
A
-Diffuse
-Cotyledonary
-Zonary
-Discoid
14
Q
Hormones from these sites control sperm and testosterone production:
A
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
gonads
15
Q
Spermtogenesis completed in _ _
A
seminiferous tubule
16
Q
Development to ejaculation:
A
62 days
17
Q
Puberty in canines
A
7-12 months
18
Q
Mature female canine is called
A
bitch, dam
19
Q
Neutered female:
A
ovariectomized, spayed
20
Q
Mature male canine is called
A
dog, stud
21
Q
Birthing in canine is called
A
whelping
22
Q
Canine estrous cycle averages about - months but varies from under 4 to over 12 months
A
6-7
23
Q
Four stages of canine estrous cycle that repeat
A
-Proestrus: time leading to estrus
-Estrus:time of sexual receptivity & mating
-Diestrus: time of pregnancy establishment
-Anestrus: time when female is not undergoing reproductive events
24
Q
Parturition (birth) occurs between _ and _ if pregnancy has been established
A
diestrus & anestrus
25
Canine breeding occurs during
estrus
26
What should be measured to determine time of canine breeding
P4 and LH spikes
27
How to measure P4 and LH spikes
vaginal cytology and bitch behavior
28
Artificial insemination techniques
vaginal, surgical, transcervical, fresh or frozen semen precautions
29
_-day gestation for canines
60
30
Dx of canine gestation
Palpation: 21-30 days
Ultrasound: 21-28 days
Radiographs: after 43 days (fetal count, size, and presentation 2-4 days before due
31
Canine parturition (whelp) stage one:
-last 6-12 hours, but can last up to 36 hrs
-restlessness, nesting behavior
-uterine contractions without an abnormal component
-temp. drop about 24 hours before state 2
32
What stage of canine parturition does the following occur:
-puppies delivered at this stage; takes 20-60 minutes
-60% anterior, 40% breech
stage 2
33
Canine dystocia: consult vet promptly if:
-strong continual contractions from 30min w/out progress
-weak ,infrequent contractions for 2 hours w/out progress
-prolonged interval between puppies
-malpsotioning or large size
34
What is used to assess fetal viability
ultrasound
35
Puberty in felines
4-12 months, 5-6 lbs (female)
36
mature female feline is called
queen
37
mature male cat is called a
tom
38
birthing in felines is called
queening
39
Felines are _ ovulators
induced (daylight dependent)
40
Estrus behaviors in feline
-increased vocalizing
-rolling, lordosis, treading in place
-maybe: anorexia and spraying
41
Breeding is best on the _ day of estrus for felines
3rd
42
3 possible of outcomes of feline estrous cycle
pregnancy, non pregnancy, no ovulation
43
Primary hormones for feline estrous cycle
FSH, LH, P4, E2, Prolactin, Relaxin
44
Dx of feline gestation
signs: larger teats, weight gain
ultrasound: heartbeat at 16 days
palpation: 18 days
radiograph: after day 40
45
Feline parturition can take how long?
couple of hours to over a day
46
What stage of feline parturition is described:
-uterine contractions, no abdominal contractions
-nesting and decreased activity
-increased fetal movements; lactational secretion
-relaxation around perineal area
-ends w/ chorioallantoic membrane rupture
stage 1
47
stage 2 of feline parturition
fetuses delivered
48
stage 3 feline parturition
-placenta passed
-uterus returns to normal
49
T/F: feline dystocia is rare and is mostly in purebred
true
50
Fetal causes of feline dystocia
large size, lateral deviation of head, breech
51
Maternal causes of feline dystocia
uterine torsion, primary and secondary uterine inertia, small pelvis size (malnutrition or very young)
52
Queens can usually ___ in dystocia
assist herself
53
Considerations for feline dystocia
oxytocin, C-section
54
Immature equine is called a
foal
55
Equine 6-12 months are called
weanlings
56
Puberty for equine
filly (1-2years) ; colts (3 years)
57
mature female equine (0-2years)
mare, filly
58
A horse may be called ovariectomized, spayed but _ is rarely removed
uterus
59
mature male equine (less 3 years) is called
a stallion, or stud
60
neutered male equine is called
gelding
61
birthing is called _ in equine
foaling
62
Puberty in equine
between 12nand 24 months
63
peak of estrous activity in equine occurs near
June 21 (longest day of the year)
64
Equine are _ polyestrous
seasonally (effects of light and temp. , effects of nutrition and stress
65
equines ovulate _ hours before end of heat
48
66
Equine estrus is possible without _ _ _
signs of heat
67
Cervix should be _ in equine estrus
closed
68
Progesterone decreases 14 days _ ovulation in equine
post
69
_ and _ used to manipulate cycling in equine
lighting and hormones
70
Influences on equine reproduction
-breed associations' age requirements
-human-imposed breeding season
71
Reproductive tract exam
palpate via rectum very carefully
conformation of vulva
visual vaginal exam
72
Equine breeding insemination types
natural and artificial
73
Dx of equine gestation
ultrasound 13 or 14 days, rectal palpation
74
Equine parturition occurs between _ and _ days
320-360
75
Induction of equine parturition
-weigh risks
-rectal palpation at 130 days: viability, presentation, position, posture
-before induction: colostrum, relaxed vulva and pelvic ligaments, cervical dilation at least 2.5cm
76
Equine parturition is _ and _
rapid and strenuous
77
Equine stage 2 parturition:
-begins w/ rupture of chorioallantois
-fetus should be out within 70 minutes for best chance of survival
-foals must get colostrum within a few hours
-careful observation for milestones and/or distress
78
First postpartum estrous in equine (foal heat)
within 2-18 days
often bred to maintain foaling interval of 12 months
79
Puberty in cows
10-12 months, 50-60% adult weight
80
neutered male cow is called
steer, ox
81
mature male cow is called
bull
82
birthing in cows is called
calving
83
Bovine estrous cycle last about _ days
21
84
bovine heat is only about _-_
7-8
85
Two types of estrous cycles in cows
-Follicular: follicles increase; luteal tissue regresses
-Luteal: CL develops; progesterone rises
86
Average gestation of cows
279-283 days
87
Dx of cow gestation
rectal palpation after 28 days, ultrasound few days sooner
88
Signs of cow gestation
udder enlargement, relaxed pelvic ligaments, tilted tail head and hips, edematous and elongated vulva
89
Stage 1 of cow parturition
-6 to 24 hours
-uterine contractions
-Ferguson reflex
90
What stage of cow parturition is described:
-2 to 12 hours
-rupture of chorioallantoic membrane
-release of oxytocin and PGF2alpha
-strong abdominal and uterine contractions
-fetus is delivered
stage 2
91
what stage of cow parturition is described:
-3 days to weeks
-placenta is passed
-uterus starts to return to normal
stage 3
92
immature ovine (sheep) is called
lamb
93
puberty in ovine (sheep)
5-12 months, 60-70% adult weight
94
mature female ovine is called an
ewe
95
mature male ovine is called
ram
96
neutered male ovine is called a
wether
97
caprine (goat) 0-3 months is called
kid
98
puberty for caprine
3-7 months, more than 40% adult weight
99
mature female goat is called
doe
100
mature male caprine is called
buck, billy
101
neutered male caprine is called
wether
102
birthing in caprine is called
kidding
103
Ovicaprine estrous cycle is _ _
seasonally polyestrous (late summer to early winter)
104
Estrus in ovicaprine
-raised, flicking tail; vulva swollen and red
-females seek males and urinate in their presence
-females responsive to male pheromones
105
_ and _ may be bred during their first fall
lambs and doelings
106
You should flush female ovicaprine with a BCS under _
2.5
107
breed ovicaprine toward _ of estrus
end
108
Methods of detection for ovicaprine gestation
chalk changes, ultrasound (rectal 25 days, trans abdominal at 35 days or later)
109
Ovicaprine have low abortion rates but causes include:
-plant toxins, dietary deficiencies, some drugs
-leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, chlamoydophila abortus infections
110
Immature camelid is called
cria
111
puberty for camelids is
10-12 months, 65% adult weight
112
birthing for a camelid is called
unpacking
113
Estrus in llama and alpaca
up to 36 days
114
male maturity in llama and alpaca
adhesions of pensi to prepuce break down at about 3 years
115
Camelids are _ ovulators
induced
116
Gestation for camelid
340-350 days
117
Camelids have _ abortion incidence: 10-50%, usually in first 60 days
high
118
Camelid parturition stages
-stage 1: last 1-2 hours
-stage 2: expulsion of fetus, 20-30 minutes
-stage 3: 1-4 hours, expulsion of placenta (within 6 hours or treat with oxytocin), ovulation and fertility return at 20 days postpartum
119
Primary factors involved in breeding soundness exam (BSE) for males
-reproductive characteristics
-semen quality
-attitude, disposition, libido
-any system abnormalities
120
BSE in females
-reproductive and health history
-preparation for a vaginal exam
-issues of non-contamination
-endometrial biopsy
