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Clinical Procedures II > Ch.9 Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch.9 Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional management:

A

life stage
physical activity
state of health

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2
Q

Second most critical component after water

A

nutrients

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3
Q

Energy producing nutrients include:

A

proteins, fats, carbohydrates

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4
Q

Non energy producing nutrients include

A

vitamins, minerals, water

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5
Q

Kilocalorie (kcal, Calorie)

A

amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius

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6
Q

Digestible energy (DE)

A

gross energy (GE) from food minus energy lost in feces

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7
Q

Metabolizable energy (ME)

A

-DE minus energy lost in urine and gas
-most common estimate of amount of kcal supplied from pet food

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8
Q

Net energy (NE)

A

ME minus energy used digesting, absorbing and using food

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9
Q

-Dietary source of nitrogen for animals
-Primary component of many tissues, enzymes, hormones
-Many other roles in the body

A

proteins

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10
Q

Proteins are made of

A

amino acids

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11
Q

Cats need _ essential amino acids

A

11

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12
Q

Dogs need _ essential amino acids

A

10

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13
Q

Biologic value (BV) is an expression of the amount of

A

essential amino acids in a protein

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14
Q

Animal sources of protein contain more essential amino acids than _ sources

A

plant

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15
Q

Cats need more _-based protein than plant based

A

meat

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16
Q

Rumen’s _ _ generates high quality protein from feed

A

microbial flora

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17
Q

Use of ___ in ruminants can cause toxicity

A

nonprotein nitrogen sources

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18
Q

Inexpensive source of energy, variety, fiber, palatability

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

Minimum requirement of carbohydrates for cats and dogs

A

none, there is no minimum

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20
Q

Overfeeding soluble carbs can lead to _

A

obesity

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21
Q

Soluble carbs are - extract or NFE

A

nitrogen free

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22
Q

Insoluble carbs are a

A

dietary fiber

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23
Q

What do insoluble carbs do

A

normalize GI tract, alter fat and glucose metabolism, decrease absorption of nutrients

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24
Q

Insoluble carbs can promote feeling of _

A

fullness

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25
Q

Insoluble carbs are inappropriate for:

A

young, pregnant and lactating, stressed, or working animals

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26
Q

Primary energy source in most commercial pet foods

A

fats

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27
Q

Fats provide:

A

palatability, fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E and K, essential fats acids (EFAs)

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28
Q

Fat deficiency signs

A

delayed wound healing
dry hair coat
scaly skin and skin infections

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29
Q

Vitamins functions and sources

A

-used in metabolic processes
-prevent deficiency syndromes
-found in animal and plant tissues, but some can be synthesized
-requirements differ among humans, dogs, and cats

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30
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

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31
Q

fat soluble vitamins are stored in

A

fat and liver

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32
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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33
Q

Water insoluble vitamins are excreted with

A

water loss

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34
Q

Macrominerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium

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35
Q

Microminerals (trace)

A

iron, zinc, copper

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36
Q

Most important nutrient

A

water

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37
Q

water loss can result in _

A

death

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38
Q

Water intake in ml/day is roughly equal to __ requirement for cats and dogs

A

kcal/day

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39
Q

Palatability is influenced by

A

odor, temp, texture, mouth-feel, fat, water, salt

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40
Q

Digestibility

A

amount of nutrients in a food available for absorption after consumption

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41
Q

Digestibility is influenced by

A

quality of ingredients and processing technique

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42
Q

Nutritional assessment by vet tech

A

-take p history
-develop body condition score
-determine nutritional recommendations in conjunction with DVM
-Educate the client

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43
Q

Feeding method- portion controlled

A

(meal), specific amount at specific times, usually morning and evening

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44
Q

feeding method- time restricted

A

5 minutes of consumption , small and large breed dogs may need special consideration

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45
Q

feeding method- ad lib (free)

A

unlimited food is available and consumed at will, can lead to obesity, hard to monitor pets consumption

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46
Q

Resting energy requirement is

A

calories needed to maintain weight in controlled environment

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47
Q

RER:

A

kcal/day= 70(ideal body weight in kg)

48
Q

BCS indicates

A

percentage of body fat

49
Q

Cats are obligate _ and eat ___

A

carnivores ; frequent small meals in the wild

50
Q

Specific metabolic needs for cats

A

palatability is important for cats, absolute need for certain amino acids (arginine, taurine, vitamins A & D)

51
Q

Arginine deficiency in cats can quickly lead to

A

hyperammonemia

52
Q

Taurine is needed in cats to

A

conjugate bile acids

53
Q

For cats, foods with higher plant protein proportions may require __

A

methionine supplementation

54
Q

Vitamin metabolism requires dietary vitamins _and _

A

A and D

55
Q

Felines require _ water than canines

A

less

56
Q

Feline water intake recommendation

A

1ml/water/kcal ME

57
Q

T/F: pet food label is a legal document

A

True

58
Q

precautions with raw diets

A

bacterial

59
Q

For clients who want to do home-prepared meals, refer them to a veterinarian with diplomat status from the

A

American College of Veterinary Nutrition

60
Q

Proteins for puppies

A

22-32% dry matter, arginine is an essential amino acid for puppies

61
Q

Fats for puppies

A

EFA linoleic acid, DHA for neural, retinal, & auditory development, 10-25% (DM)

62
Q

Calcium for puppies

A

breed size affects required range (larger more sensitive)

63
Q

Kittens weight increase - grams a day

A

14-30

64
Q

Rapid growth phase has high _ requirements which reduce post- neuter

A

energy

65
Q

Proteins for cats

A

Crude protein 35-50% (DMB)

66
Q

Fats for cats

A

EFAs linoleic, DHA, and arachidonic acids

67
Q

fats for young adult dog

A

10-20% (DM)

68
Q

fats for obesity prone adult dog

A

7-10%

69
Q

fats for cats

A

10-30% (DMB)

70
Q

Obesity prone adult cats and dogs may benefit from higher _

A

fiber

71
Q

Higher fiber may prevent

A

hairballs

72
Q

More _ is not better for dogs

A

protein

73
Q

Feed higher _ food in elderly cats and dogs

A

quality

74
Q

Primary fuels for working and performance dogs

A

muscle glycogen and free fatty acids

75
Q

Feeding schedule for working and performance dogs

A

1 meal at least 4 hours prior to exercise
1 meal within 2 hours after
During as needed

76
Q

Obese is _% or more over optimal weight

A

20

77
Q

Overweight is -% over optimal weight

A

10-19

78
Q

Assisted feeding if:

A

max of 72 hours anorexic, 10% or more weight loss (5% in young animals), debilitated presentation

79
Q

Malnutrition affects

A

-GI tract
-Kidney functioning
-Immunity
-Pulmonary functioning
-Cardiac functioning
-Metabolism

80
Q

Feeding tube options

A

nasoesophageal (no sedation), pharyngostomy, esophagostomy, gastrotomy (long term), jejunostomy (slow continues drip by pump)

81
Q

Large intestine of equine turns carbs into fatty acids, produces B vitamins, and absorbs _L of H2O daily

A

80

82
Q

Main nutrients of veterinary concern for horses

A

about 25L water daily, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins

83
Q

In horses, fats should not exceed _% of total diet

A

20

84
Q

_ and _ should be correctly proportioned

A

calcium and phosphorus

85
Q

Rare disorder of excess potassium in equines cause

A

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

86
Q

Selenium deficiency in horses

A

white muscle disease (mares especially need adequate selenium)

87
Q

Vitamin A is obtained by horses through

A

herbage

88
Q

Rare disorder of vitamin E are

A

neurological

89
Q

No more than 50:50 (weight) _ to _

A

concentrate to roughage

90
Q

Complete feeds are a mix of roughage and concentrate, usually :

A

80:20

91
Q

Concentrates for equine are

A

cereal grain with or without nutrient supplements

92
Q

Equine neonates need about _kcal/kg/day

A

150

93
Q

Even healthy foals are at risk for _

A

hypoglycemia

94
Q

Enteral nutrition (EN) in equines is often administered as

A

slurry through nasogastric tube

95
Q

Parenteral nutrition indicated in equines with

A

GI tract issues, shock, dehydration

96
Q

Fermentation in cattle occurs in _

A

rumen

97
Q

Ruminant herbivores convert plant material to

A

meat for human consumption

98
Q

Lactating cattle have increased need for _ and highest _ needs

A

water ; energy

99
Q

Sheep and goats are ruminants that convert

A

forage and feed into meat, milk, and fiber

100
Q

Goats thrive on - grazing

A

multi-plant

101
Q

What to monitor in goats used for brush control

A

BW,BCS,hair coat, signs of toxicosis

102
Q

How to prevent foot rot in goats and sheep

A

pave 8-10 feet around tank

103
Q

Water for birds should be _ first

A

boiled

104
Q

Carb deficiency in birds manifests

A

neurologically

105
Q

Lipogenesis occurs primarily in the _ in birds

A

liver

106
Q

Birds should have fruit no more than _ times a week

A

a couple

107
Q

Ferrets are obligate _

A

carnivores

108
Q

Do not fast ferrets for over _ hours

A

3

109
Q

Rabbits are _ _ _ and cannot vomit

A

herbivorous handout fermenters

110
Q

What is necessary for internal vitamin D synthesis in rabbits

A

sunlight

111
Q

Vitamins _ and _ can be destroyed with long storage time

A

A and E

112
Q

What vitamin is necessary in guinea pig diets

A

C

113
Q

Metabolic bone disease in reptiles

A

deficiency of calcium or vitamin D3 or excess of phosphorus

114
Q

Iguanas should never be fed _

A

meat

115
Q

Snakes should be fed

A

whole prey

Clinical Procedures II (8 decks)

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