Ch.9 Animal Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
Nutritional management:
A
life stage
physical activity
state of health
2
Q
Second most critical component after water
A
nutrients
3
Q
Energy producing nutrients include:
A
proteins, fats, carbohydrates
4
Q
Non energy producing nutrients include
A
vitamins, minerals, water
5
Q
Kilocalorie (kcal, Calorie)
A
amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius
6
Q
Digestible energy (DE)
A
gross energy (GE) from food minus energy lost in feces
7
Q
Metabolizable energy (ME)
A
-DE minus energy lost in urine and gas
-most common estimate of amount of kcal supplied from pet food
8
Q
Net energy (NE)
A
ME minus energy used digesting, absorbing and using food
9
Q
-Dietary source of nitrogen for animals
-Primary component of many tissues, enzymes, hormones
-Many other roles in the body
A
proteins
10
Q
Proteins are made of
A
amino acids
11
Q
Cats need _ essential amino acids
A
11
12
Q
Dogs need _ essential amino acids
A
10
13
Q
Biologic value (BV) is an expression of the amount of
A
essential amino acids in a protein
14
Q
Animal sources of protein contain more essential amino acids than _ sources
A
plant
15
Q
Cats need more _-based protein than plant based
A
meat
16
Q
Rumen’s _ _ generates high quality protein from feed
A
microbial flora
17
Q
Use of ___ in ruminants can cause toxicity
A
nonprotein nitrogen sources
18
Q
Inexpensive source of energy, variety, fiber, palatability
A
Carbohydrates
19
Q
Minimum requirement of carbohydrates for cats and dogs
A
none, there is no minimum
20
Q
Overfeeding soluble carbs can lead to _
A
obesity
21
Q
Soluble carbs are - extract or NFE
A
nitrogen free
22
Q
Insoluble carbs are a
A
dietary fiber
23
Q
What do insoluble carbs do
A
normalize GI tract, alter fat and glucose metabolism, decrease absorption of nutrients
24
Q
Insoluble carbs can promote feeling of _
A
fullness
25
Insoluble carbs are inappropriate for:
young, pregnant and lactating, stressed, or working animals
26
Primary energy source in most commercial pet foods
fats
27
Fats provide:
palatability, fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E and K, essential fats acids (EFAs)
28
Fat deficiency signs
delayed wound healing
dry hair coat
scaly skin and skin infections
29
Vitamins functions and sources
-used in metabolic processes
-prevent deficiency syndromes
-found in animal and plant tissues, but some can be synthesized
-requirements differ among humans, dogs, and cats
30
Fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
31
fat soluble vitamins are stored in
fat and liver
32
Water soluble vitamins
B and C
33
Water insoluble vitamins are excreted with
water loss
34
Macrominerals
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium
35
Microminerals (trace)
iron, zinc, copper
36
Most important nutrient
water
37
water loss can result in _
death
38
Water intake in ml/day is roughly equal to __ requirement for cats and dogs
kcal/day
39
Palatability is influenced by
odor, temp, texture, mouth-feel, fat, water, salt
40
Digestibility
amount of nutrients in a food available for absorption after consumption
41
Digestibility is influenced by
quality of ingredients and processing technique
42
Nutritional assessment by vet tech
-take p history
-develop body condition score
-determine nutritional recommendations in conjunction with DVM
-Educate the client
43
Feeding method- portion controlled
(meal), specific amount at specific times, usually morning and evening
44
feeding method- time restricted
5 minutes of consumption , small and large breed dogs may need special consideration
45
feeding method- ad lib (free)
unlimited food is available and consumed at will, can lead to obesity, hard to monitor pets consumption
46
Resting energy requirement is
calories needed to maintain weight in controlled environment
47
RER:
kcal/day= 70(ideal body weight in kg)
48
BCS indicates
percentage of body fat
49
Cats are obligate _ and eat ___
carnivores ; frequent small meals in the wild
50
Specific metabolic needs for cats
palatability is important for cats, absolute need for certain amino acids (arginine, taurine, vitamins A & D)
51
Arginine deficiency in cats can quickly lead to
hyperammonemia
52
Taurine is needed in cats to
conjugate bile acids
53
For cats, foods with higher plant protein proportions may require __
methionine supplementation
54
Vitamin metabolism requires dietary vitamins _and _
A and D
55
Felines require _ water than canines
less
56
Feline water intake recommendation
1ml/water/kcal ME
57
T/F: pet food label is a legal document
True
58
precautions with raw diets
bacterial
59
For clients who want to do home-prepared meals, refer them to a veterinarian with diplomat status from the
American College of Veterinary Nutrition
60
Proteins for puppies
22-32% dry matter, arginine is an essential amino acid for puppies
61
Fats for puppies
EFA linoleic acid, DHA for neural, retinal, & auditory development, 10-25% (DM)
62
Calcium for puppies
breed size affects required range (larger more sensitive)
63
Kittens weight increase _-_ grams a day
14-30
64
Rapid growth phase has high _ requirements which reduce post- neuter
energy
65
Proteins for cats
Crude protein 35-50% (DMB)
66
Fats for cats
EFAs linoleic, DHA, and arachidonic acids
67
fats for young adult dog
10-20% (DM)
68
fats for obesity prone adult dog
7-10%
69
fats for cats
10-30% (DMB)
70
Obesity prone adult cats and dogs may benefit from higher _
fiber
71
Higher fiber may prevent
hairballs
72
More _ is not better for dogs
protein
73
Feed higher _ food in elderly cats and dogs
quality
74
Primary fuels for working and performance dogs
muscle glycogen and free fatty acids
75
Feeding schedule for working and performance dogs
1 meal at least 4 hours prior to exercise
1 meal within 2 hours after
During as needed
76
Obese is _% or more over optimal weight
20
77
Overweight is _-_% over optimal weight
10-19
78
Assisted feeding if:
max of 72 hours anorexic, 10% or more weight loss (5% in young animals), debilitated presentation
79
Malnutrition affects
-GI tract
-Kidney functioning
-Immunity
-Pulmonary functioning
-Cardiac functioning
-Metabolism
80
Feeding tube options
nasoesophageal (no sedation), pharyngostomy, esophagostomy, gastrotomy (long term), jejunostomy (slow continues drip by pump)
81
Large intestine of equine turns carbs into fatty acids, produces B vitamins, and absorbs _L of H2O daily
80
82
Main nutrients of veterinary concern for horses
about 25L water daily, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
83
In horses, fats should not exceed _% of total diet
20
84
_ and _ should be correctly proportioned
calcium and phosphorus
85
Rare disorder of excess potassium in equines cause
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
86
Selenium deficiency in horses
white muscle disease (mares especially need adequate selenium)
87
Vitamin A is obtained by horses through
herbage
88
Rare disorder of vitamin E are
neurological
89
No more than 50:50 (weight) _ to _
concentrate to roughage
90
Complete feeds are a mix of roughage and concentrate, usually _:_
80:20
91
Concentrates for equine are
cereal grain with or without nutrient supplements
92
Equine neonates need about _kcal/kg/day
150
93
Even healthy foals are at risk for _
hypoglycemia
94
Enteral nutrition (EN) in equines is often administered as
slurry through nasogastric tube
95
Parenteral nutrition indicated in equines with
GI tract issues, shock, dehydration
96
Fermentation in cattle occurs in _
rumen
97
Ruminant herbivores convert plant material to
meat for human consumption
98
Lactating cattle have increased need for _ and highest _ needs
water ; energy
99
Sheep and goats are ruminants that convert
forage and feed into meat, milk, and fiber
100
Goats thrive on _-_ grazing
multi-plant
101
What to monitor in goats used for brush control
BW,BCS,hair coat, signs of toxicosis
102
How to prevent foot rot in goats and sheep
pave 8-10 feet around tank
103
Water for birds should be _ first
boiled
104
Carb deficiency in birds manifests
neurologically
105
Lipogenesis occurs primarily in the _ in birds
liver
106
Birds should have fruit no more than _ times a week
a couple
107
Ferrets are obligate _
carnivores
108
Do not fast ferrets for over _ hours
3
109
Rabbits are _ _ _ and cannot vomit
herbivorous handout fermenters
110
What is necessary for internal vitamin D synthesis in rabbits
sunlight
111
Vitamins _ and _ can be destroyed with long storage time
A and E
112
What vitamin is necessary in guinea pig diets
C
113
Metabolic bone disease in reptiles
deficiency of calcium or vitamin D3 or excess of phosphorus
114
Iguanas should never be fed _
meat
115
Snakes should be fed
whole prey
