Ch.9 Animal Nutrition Flashcards
Nutritional management:
life stage
physical activity
state of health
Second most critical component after water
nutrients
Energy producing nutrients include:
proteins, fats, carbohydrates
Non energy producing nutrients include
vitamins, minerals, water
Kilocalorie (kcal, Calorie)
amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius
Digestible energy (DE)
gross energy (GE) from food minus energy lost in feces
Metabolizable energy (ME)
-DE minus energy lost in urine and gas
-most common estimate of amount of kcal supplied from pet food
Net energy (NE)
ME minus energy used digesting, absorbing and using food
-Dietary source of nitrogen for animals
-Primary component of many tissues, enzymes, hormones
-Many other roles in the body
proteins
Proteins are made of
amino acids
Cats need _ essential amino acids
11
Dogs need _ essential amino acids
10
Biologic value (BV) is an expression of the amount of
essential amino acids in a protein
Animal sources of protein contain more essential amino acids than _ sources
plant
Cats need more _-based protein than plant based
meat
Rumen’s _ _ generates high quality protein from feed
microbial flora
Use of ___ in ruminants can cause toxicity
nonprotein nitrogen sources
Inexpensive source of energy, variety, fiber, palatability
Carbohydrates
Minimum requirement of carbohydrates for cats and dogs
none, there is no minimum
Overfeeding soluble carbs can lead to _
obesity
Soluble carbs are - extract or NFE
nitrogen free
Insoluble carbs are a
dietary fiber
What do insoluble carbs do
normalize GI tract, alter fat and glucose metabolism, decrease absorption of nutrients
Insoluble carbs can promote feeling of _
fullness
Insoluble carbs are inappropriate for:
young, pregnant and lactating, stressed, or working animals
Primary energy source in most commercial pet foods
fats
Fats provide:
palatability, fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E and K, essential fats acids (EFAs)
Fat deficiency signs
delayed wound healing
dry hair coat
scaly skin and skin infections
Vitamins functions and sources
-used in metabolic processes
-prevent deficiency syndromes
-found in animal and plant tissues, but some can be synthesized
-requirements differ among humans, dogs, and cats
Fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
fat soluble vitamins are stored in
fat and liver
Water soluble vitamins
B and C
Water insoluble vitamins are excreted with
water loss
Macrominerals
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium
Microminerals (trace)
iron, zinc, copper
Most important nutrient
water
water loss can result in _
death
Water intake in ml/day is roughly equal to __ requirement for cats and dogs
kcal/day
Palatability is influenced by
odor, temp, texture, mouth-feel, fat, water, salt
Digestibility
amount of nutrients in a food available for absorption after consumption
Digestibility is influenced by
quality of ingredients and processing technique
Nutritional assessment by vet tech
-take p history
-develop body condition score
-determine nutritional recommendations in conjunction with DVM
-Educate the client
Feeding method- portion controlled
(meal), specific amount at specific times, usually morning and evening
feeding method- time restricted
5 minutes of consumption , small and large breed dogs may need special consideration
feeding method- ad lib (free)
unlimited food is available and consumed at will, can lead to obesity, hard to monitor pets consumption
Resting energy requirement is
calories needed to maintain weight in controlled environment
RER:
kcal/day= 70(ideal body weight in kg)
BCS indicates
percentage of body fat
Cats are obligate _ and eat ___
carnivores ; frequent small meals in the wild
Specific metabolic needs for cats
palatability is important for cats, absolute need for certain amino acids (arginine, taurine, vitamins A & D)
Arginine deficiency in cats can quickly lead to
hyperammonemia
Taurine is needed in cats to
conjugate bile acids
For cats, foods with higher plant protein proportions may require __
methionine supplementation
Vitamin metabolism requires dietary vitamins _and _
A and D
Felines require _ water than canines
less
Feline water intake recommendation
1ml/water/kcal ME
T/F: pet food label is a legal document
True
precautions with raw diets
bacterial
For clients who want to do home-prepared meals, refer them to a veterinarian with diplomat status from the
American College of Veterinary Nutrition
Proteins for puppies
22-32% dry matter, arginine is an essential amino acid for puppies
Fats for puppies
EFA linoleic acid, DHA for neural, retinal, & auditory development, 10-25% (DM)
Calcium for puppies
breed size affects required range (larger more sensitive)
Kittens weight increase - grams a day
14-30
Rapid growth phase has high _ requirements which reduce post- neuter
energy
Proteins for cats
Crude protein 35-50% (DMB)
Fats for cats
EFAs linoleic, DHA, and arachidonic acids
fats for young adult dog
10-20% (DM)
fats for obesity prone adult dog
7-10%
fats for cats
10-30% (DMB)
Obesity prone adult cats and dogs may benefit from higher _
fiber
Higher fiber may prevent
hairballs
More _ is not better for dogs
protein
Feed higher _ food in elderly cats and dogs
quality
Primary fuels for working and performance dogs
muscle glycogen and free fatty acids
Feeding schedule for working and performance dogs
1 meal at least 4 hours prior to exercise
1 meal within 2 hours after
During as needed
Obese is _% or more over optimal weight
20
Overweight is -% over optimal weight
10-19
Assisted feeding if:
max of 72 hours anorexic, 10% or more weight loss (5% in young animals), debilitated presentation
Malnutrition affects
-GI tract
-Kidney functioning
-Immunity
-Pulmonary functioning
-Cardiac functioning
-Metabolism
Feeding tube options
nasoesophageal (no sedation), pharyngostomy, esophagostomy, gastrotomy (long term), jejunostomy (slow continues drip by pump)
Large intestine of equine turns carbs into fatty acids, produces B vitamins, and absorbs _L of H2O daily
80
Main nutrients of veterinary concern for horses
about 25L water daily, energy, protein, minerals, vitamins
In horses, fats should not exceed _% of total diet
20
_ and _ should be correctly proportioned
calcium and phosphorus
Rare disorder of excess potassium in equines cause
hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Selenium deficiency in horses
white muscle disease (mares especially need adequate selenium)
Vitamin A is obtained by horses through
herbage
Rare disorder of vitamin E are
neurological
No more than 50:50 (weight) _ to _
concentrate to roughage
Complete feeds are a mix of roughage and concentrate, usually :
80:20
Concentrates for equine are
cereal grain with or without nutrient supplements
Equine neonates need about _kcal/kg/day
150
Even healthy foals are at risk for _
hypoglycemia
Enteral nutrition (EN) in equines is often administered as
slurry through nasogastric tube
Parenteral nutrition indicated in equines with
GI tract issues, shock, dehydration
Fermentation in cattle occurs in _
rumen
Ruminant herbivores convert plant material to
meat for human consumption
Lactating cattle have increased need for _ and highest _ needs
water ; energy
Sheep and goats are ruminants that convert
forage and feed into meat, milk, and fiber
Goats thrive on - grazing
multi-plant
What to monitor in goats used for brush control
BW,BCS,hair coat, signs of toxicosis
How to prevent foot rot in goats and sheep
pave 8-10 feet around tank
Water for birds should be _ first
boiled
Carb deficiency in birds manifests
neurologically
Lipogenesis occurs primarily in the _ in birds
liver
Birds should have fruit no more than _ times a week
a couple
Ferrets are obligate _
carnivores
Do not fast ferrets for over _ hours
3
Rabbits are _ _ _ and cannot vomit
herbivorous handout fermenters
What is necessary for internal vitamin D synthesis in rabbits
sunlight
Vitamins _ and _ can be destroyed with long storage time
A and E
What vitamin is necessary in guinea pig diets
C
Metabolic bone disease in reptiles
deficiency of calcium or vitamin D3 or excess of phosphorus
Iguanas should never be fed _
meat
Snakes should be fed
whole prey
