SM_264a: Acne, Rosacea, and Related Disorders Flashcards
Acne pathogenesis involves ____, ____, ____, and ____
Acne pathogenesis involves follicular epidermal hyperproliferation, excess sebum production, inflammation (IL-1), and Cutibacterium acnes
(cells become abnormally adherent, excess sebum, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, bacteria)

Sebum production is regulated by ____ and involves ____
Sebum production is regulated by androgens and involves androgen receptors
(holocrine secretion as the sebaceous gland matures - contents go into sebaceous gland and then sebaceous duct)

Describe Cutibacterium acnes
Cutibacterium acnes
- Gram +, anaerobic, microaerobic
- Resident flora of follice
- Acne patients have more than controls
- Promotes inflammation: antibodies to cell wall activate complement, produces lipases / proteases / hyaluronidases, binds TLR2 increasing proinflammatory cytokines
(feeds off sebum)

This is a ____

This is a closed comedone
(non-inflammatory, palpable)

This is an _____

This is an open comedone
(clinically inflammed lesions - raised, elevated, red)

This is an ____

This is an acne papule
(dilation of follicle, extrustion of material in follice into dermis, nodules)

This is an ____

This is an acne pustule

This is an ____

This is an acne nodule (and cysts)

These are ____

These are acne sinus tracts

This is ____

This is post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

This is ____

This is acne scarring
(boxcar scars, rolling scars, no medication can reduce scarring)

This is ____ acne

This is drug-induced acne

This is acne related to ____

This is acne related to polycystic ovary syndrome
(hyperandrogenism due to increased levels or increased sensitivity to androgen)

This is ___

This is acne fulminans
(sudden onset of very severe acne, can have systemic symptoms, acne + arthritic symptoms)

Describe acne treatment
Acne treatment
- Early
- Adequately aggressive for severity
- Algorithmic approach
- Target pathogenic factors: often involves combined topicals and orals
- Patient education is critical

___ are first line treatment for comedonal acne
Retinoids are first line treatment for comedonal acne
(tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene)

Inflammatory acne topic treatment involves ____ and ____
Inflammatory acne topic treatment involves retinoids and benzoyl peroxide
(no resistance to benzoyl peroxide, also antibiotics such as clindamycin, dapsone, and sodium sulfacetamide and sulfur)

Describe systemic treatment of acne
Systemic treatment of acne
- Moderate to severe inflammatory
- Minocycline > doxycycline >> tetracycline
- Sarecycline: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, reduces free fatty acid levels
- Erythromycin (pregnancy, kids < 8 yo)
- TMP/SMX
- Isotretinoin: reduces sebum production, decreases androgen synthesis, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in sebocytes

____ is used with antibiotics to minimize resistance
Benzoyl peroxide is used with antibiotics to minimize resistance

____ is first line treatment for acne fulminans
Isotretinoin is first line treatment for acne fulminans

Hormonal therapy of acne involves ____ and ____
Hormonal therapy of acne involves combination birth control pills and spironolactone
- Combination birth controls: decrease LH and androgen production, increase hepatic sex-hormone binding globulin levels which decreases free testosterone levels
- Spironolactone: androgen receptor blocker, 5alpha-reductase inhibitor

____ is the main indication for hormonal therapy of acne
Hyperandrogenemia is the main indication for hormonal therapy of acne

___ is used to generate reactive oxygen species to destroy acne
Photodynamic therapy is used to generate reactive oxygen species to destroy acne

Rosacea pathogenesis involves ____, ____, and ____
Rosacea pathogenesis involves neurovascular instability and increased reactivity, innate immunity abnormality, and inflammation of follicle and surrounding dermis
(inflammatory signaling, vascular signaling and response leading to hyperreactivity of vessels, sensory response, exogenous triggers, and endogenous risk factors)

____ are found on the skin in increased amounts in rosacea due to increased amounts of ____
Cathelecidins are found on the skin in increased amounts in rosacea due to increased amounts of demadex mites
(cathelecidins are antimicrobial peptides)

This is ____ rosacea

This is erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

This is ____ rosacea

This is papulopustular rosacea

This is ____ rosacea

This is phymatous rosacea
(on nose, brow, and cheek)

This is ____ rosacea

This is ocular rosacea

Describe ocular rosacea
Ocular rosacea
- Most of all rosacea patients
- 1/3 have sight-treatening corneal disease
- Ocular disease may precede skin disease
- Skin may be subtle in almost all ocular rosacea cases
- No diagnostic test, nonspecific symptoms

Eyelid findings in ocular rosacea include ____ and ____
Eyelid findings in ocular rosacea include blepharitis and conjunctival hyperemia

Corneal findings in ocular rosacea include ____ and ____
Corneal findings in ocular rosacea include superficial punctate keratitis and epithelial erosions
(1/3 of rosacea patients have corneal involvement)

Describe treatment of erythematotelangiectatic rosacea
Erythematotelangiectatic rosacea treatment
- Avoidance of sun and other triggers
- Redness associated with papules / pustules: azelaic acid, metronidazole, sodium sulfacetamide and sulfur
- Diffuse (background) redness: brimonide tartrate gel, oxymetazoline HCl cream, vascular lasers, and intensed pulsed light

Brimonidine tatrate gel used to treat diffuse redness in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is a ____
Brimonidine tatrate gel used to treat diffuse redness in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is a selective alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist

Oxymetazoline cream used to treat diffuse redness in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is a ____ and ____
Oxymetazoline cream used to treat diffuse redness in erythematotelangiectatic rosacea is a selective alpha-1A-adrenergic receptor agonist and vasoconstrictor

Describe treatment of papulopustular rosacea
Papulopustular rosacea treatment
- Topical medications: azelaic acid, metronidazole, ivermectin, sodium sulfacetamide and sulfur
- Oral medications: doxycycline = minocycline > tetracycline, metronidazole, isotretinoin
- Avoidance of sun and other triggers

Ivermectin is used in topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea because it ____
Ivermectin is used in topical treatment of papulopustular rosacea because it acts against the demadex mite
Describe treatment of phymatous rosacea
Phymatous rosacea treatment
- Isotretinoin: decreases tissue volume, decreases sebaceous gland size / number
- Surgical excision, hot loop contouring
- Ablative laser: carbon dioxide, erbium (YAG)

This is ____

This is periorificial (perioral) dermatitis

Describe periorificial (perioral) dermatitis
Periorificial (perioral) dermatitis
- Spearing, vermillion border
- Young women, children
- Frequent history of potent topical steroid use with positive response but rebound flare
- Etiology unknown

Describe treatment of periorificial dermatitis
Periorificial dermatitis treatment
- Avoid topical corticosteroids
- Topical agents: metronidazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, sodium sulfacetamide / sulfur, azelaic acid, topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus)
- Oral antibiotics: doxycycline / minocycline / tetracycline, erythromycin

Avoid ____ in treatment of periorificial dermatitis
Avoid topical corticosteroids in treatment of periorificial dermatitis
This is ____

This is hidradenitis suppurative

Describe presentation of hidradenitis suppurativa
Hidradenitis suppurativa presentation
- Axillae, breasts, inguinal creases, buttocks, perineum
- Often bilateral
- Tender, red, draining nodules ± abscesses
- Open comedones -> double comedones
- Scarring

Describe treatment of hidradenitis suppurative
Hidradenitis suppurative
- Weight loss, smoking cessation
- Topical agents
- Systemic agents
- Adalimumab
- Intralesional injection of corticosteroids
- Incision and drainage of acute abscesses
- Surgical excision of diseased areas: primary closure, split-thickness skin grafting, and healing by secondary intent
