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MSK/Derm > SM_223a: Organization of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

SM_223a: Organization of the Lower Limb Flashcards

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1
Q

Joints in the lower limb include _____, _____, and _____ joints

A

Joints in the lower limb include the hip, knee, and ankle joints

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2
Q

Femoral nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the _____

A

Femoral nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh

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3
Q

Obturator nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the _____

A

Obturator nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh

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4
Q

Fibular nerve innervates the _____ and _____ compartments of the leg

A

Fibular nerve innervates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg

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5
Q

Nerves to hindlimb muscles are _____ rami of spinal nerves _____ through the lumbosacral plexus

A

Nerves to hindlimb muscles are ventral rami of spinal nerves L2-S3 through the lumbosacral plexus

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6
Q

Describe mechanisms of injury to the lumbosacral plexus

A
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7
Q

Obturator and femoral nerves are injured due to _____ and _____

A

Obturator and femoral nerves are injuries due to pelvic tumors/fractures and thigh trauma

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8
Q

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves are injured due to _____ and _____

A

Superior and inferior gluteal nerves are injures due to intragluteal injections and trauma

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9
Q

Sciatic nerve is injured due to _____ and _____

A

Sciatic nerve is injured due to intragluteal injections and trauma

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10
Q

Tibial nerve is injured due to _____ and _____

A

Tibial nerve injured due to knee dislocation and tarsal tunnel

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11
Q

Common fibular nerve is injured due to _____ and _____

A

Common fibular nerve is injured due to trauma at lateral knee and anterior compartment syndrome (deep fibular)

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12
Q

Hip is a _____ joint but is _____ stable than the glenohumoral joint

A

Hip is a ball and socket joint but is much more stable than the glenohumoral joint

(due to strong intrinsic ligaments, depth of acetabulum, and degree of overlap of acetabulum and femoral head)

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13
Q

Hip is stable due to _____, _____, and _____

A

Hip is stable due to strong intrinsic ligaments (iliofemoral and ischiofemoral), depth of acetabulum, and degree of overlap of acetabulum and femoral head

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14
Q

Hip motions include _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

Hip motions include flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction

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15
Q

Muscles that act on the hip come from the _____, _____, and _____

A

Muscles that act on the hip come from the gluteal region, trunk, and anterior/medial/posterior compartments of the thigh

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16
Q

Superficial muscles of the gluteal region include _____ and _____, while deep muscles of the gluteal region include _____, _____, and _____

A

Superficical muscles of the gluteal region include gluteus maximus and gluteus medius, while deep muscles of the gluteal region include gluteus minimus, piriformis, and small lateral rotators

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17
Q

Gluteal musculature is the _____ of the hip

A

Gluteal musculature is the rotator cuff of the hip

  • Hip extensors: gluteus maximus
  • Lateral (external) rotators: piriformis, quadratus femoris
  • Hip abductors: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
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18
Q

Hip extensor in the gluteal musculature is _____

A

Hip extensor in the gluteal musculature is gluteus maximus

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19
Q

Lateral (external) rotators in the gluteal musculature include _____ and _____

A

Lateral (external) rotators in the gluteal musculature include piriformis and quadratus femoris

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20
Q

Hip abductors in the gluteal musculature include _____ and _____

A

Hip abductors in the gluteal musculature include gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

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21
Q

Gluteus medius and minimus provide _____ balance of the trunk

A

Gluteus medius and minimus provide lateral balance of the trunk

(provide lateral balance of the trunk when one leg is unsupported at midstance)

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22
Q

Anterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the _____ nerve and is responsible for _____ and _____

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the femoral nerve and is responsible for hip flexion and knee extension

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23
Q

Posterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the _____ nerve and is responsible for _____ and _____

A

Posterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the tibial nerve and is responsible for hip extension and knee flexion

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24
Q

Medial compartment of the thigh is innervated by the _____ nerve and is responsible for _____

A

Medial compartment of the thigh is innervated by the obturator nerve and is responsible for hip adduction

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25
Q

Descrbe the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh

  • Major muscles: quadriceps femoris, sartorius, iliopsoas
  • Muscle actions: flex hip, extend knee
  • Nerve: femoral nerve
  • Skeletal landmarks: lesser trochanter, patella, and tibial tuberosity
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26
Q

Major muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are _____, _____, and _____

A

Major muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are quadriceps femoris, sartorius, and iliopsoas

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27
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh function to _____ and _____

A

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh function to flex hip and extend knee

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28
Q

Anterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the _____ nerve

A

Anterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the femoral nerve

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29
Q

Skeletal landmarks of muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are _____, _____, and _____

A

Skeletal landmarks of muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh are lesser trochanter, patella, and tibial tuberosity

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30
Q

Describe the posterior compartment of thigh

A

Posterior compartment of thigh

  • Muscles: hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris)
  • Muscle action: extend hip, flex knee
  • Nerve: sciatic (tibial nerve)
  • Skeletal landmarks: ischial tuberosity
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31
Q

Major muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are the _____, which include _____, _____, and _____

A

Major muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh are the hamstrings, which include the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris

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32
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh function to _____ and _____

A

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh function to extend the hip and flex the knee

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33
Q

Posterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the _____ nerve

A

Posterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by the sciatic (tibial) nerve

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34
Q

Skeletal landmark of the posterior compartment of the thigh is _____

A

Skeletal landmark of the posterior compartment of the thigh is the ischial tuberosity

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35
Q

Describe the medial compartment of the thigh

A

Medial compartment of the thigh

  • Miscles: adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, and gracilis
  • Muscle action: adduct hip
  • Nerve: obturator
  • Skeletal landmarks: ischiopubic ramus, linea aspera, adductor tubercle
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36
Q

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh include _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh include adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, and gracilis

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37
Q

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh function to _____

A

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh function to adduct hip

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38
Q

Medial compartment of the thigh is innervated by the _____ nerve

A

Medial compartment of the thigh is innervated by the obturator nerve

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39
Q

Skeletal landmarks of the medial compartment of the thigh include _____, _____, and _____

A

Skeletal landmarks of the medial compartment of the thigh include ischiopubic ramus, linea aspera, and adductor tubercle

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40
Q

Describe the three compartments of the thigh

A
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41
Q

Knee is articulation between thigh and leg and involves the _____, _____, and _____

A

Knee is articulation between thigh and leg and involves the femur, tibia, and patella

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42
Q

Although the bones do not fit snugly at the knee joint, the _____ attach to the _____ and _____ of the _____ and allow weight-bearing

A

Although the bones do not fit snugly at the knee joint, the C-shaped cartilaginous menisci attach to the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia and allow weight-bearing

43
Q

Movements at the knee joint include _____ mainly and a small degree of _____

A

Movements at the knee joint include flexion-extension mainly and a small degree of medial/lateral rotation

(medial/lateral rotation important to locking and unlocking mechanism of the knee joint)

44
Q

Describe compartments of the thigh

A

Compartments of thigh

  • Anterior compartment: innervated by femoral nerve, hip flexion and knee extension
  • Posterior compartment: innervated by tibial nerve, hip extension and knee flexion
  • Medial compartment: innervated by obturator nerve, gracilis flexes knee
45
Q

Describe the anterior compartment of the thigh

A
46
Q

Describe the posterior compartment of the thigh

A
47
Q

Ligaments are _____ that connect _____ to _____ and prevent damage to joints by _____ and _____

A

Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones and prevent damage to joints by limiting ROM in normal directions and preventing movements in unwanted directions

(damage to a ligament is called a sprain, which is graded based on degree of tear and resulting joint instability)

48
Q

Stability of the knee is reinforced by _____ and _____

A

Stability of the knee is reinforced by ligaments and muscle tendons

  • Anteriorly: joint tendon of quadriceps femoris and its continuation, the patellar ligament - patella is a sesamoid bone (develops within a tendon)
  • Laterally: by lateral collateral (fibular) ligament, the iliotibial tract, and tendon of biceps femoris
  • Medially: by medial collateral (tibial) ligament and the tendons of the pes anserinus (semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius)
49
Q

Anteriorly, the _____ and _____ stabilize the knee joint

A

Anteriorly, the joint tendon of the quadriceps femoris and its continuation the patellar ligament stabilize the knee joint

50
Q

Laterally, the _____, _____, and _____ stabilize the knee

A

Laterally., the lateral collateral (fibular), iliotibial tract, and the tendon of the biceps femoris stabilize the knee

51
Q

Medially, the _____ and _____ stabilize the knee

A

Medially, the medial collateral (tibial) ligament and tendons of the pes anserinus (semitendinosus, gracilis, and sartorius) stabilize the knee

52
Q

_____ ligaments prevent anterior-posterior sliding of tibia on femur

A

Cruciate ligaments prevent anterior-posterior sliding of tibia on femur

53
Q

_____ prevents tibia from sliding anteriorly relative to femur

A

Anterior cruciate ligament prevents tibia from sliding anteriorly relative to femur

54
Q

_____ prevents tibia from sliding posteriorly relative to the femur

A

Posterior cruciate ligament prevents tibia from sliding posteriorly relative to the femur

55
Q

Common mechanisms of injury to the ACL are _____ and _____

A

Common mechanisms of injury to the ACL are body rapidly changing direction while the foot is planted and blow to the outside of the knee while the foot is planted

56
Q

Primary movement of the condylar knee joint is _____

A

Primary movement of the condylar knee joint is flexion-extension

57
Q

Primary knee extensor is the _____, while the primary knee flexor is the _____

A

Primary knee extensor is the quadriceps femoris, while the primary knee flexor is the hamstring group of muscles

58
Q

Joints of the foot and ankle include the _____, _____, and _____

A

Joints of the foot and ankle include the upper ankle joint, lower ankle (subtalar) joint, and transverse tarsal joint

59
Q

Upper ankle joint is the articulation formed between the mortise formed by the _____ and _____ and its movement is restricted to _____

A

Upper ankle joint is the articulation formed between the mortise by the malleoli of the tibia/fibula and talus and its movement restricted to flexion-extension

60
Q

Lower ankle (subtalar) joint is articulation of _____ and _____and is responsible for _____

A

Lower ankle (subtalar) joint is articulation of talus and calcaneous and is responsible for inversion-eversion

61
Q

Transverse tarsal joint allows _____

A

Transverse tarsal joint allows inversion-eversion

62
Q

Muscles of the leg act on the upper and lower ankle joints and joints of the foot, producing _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

Muscles of the leg act on the upper and lower ankle joints and joints of the foot, producing dorsiflexion (extension), plantarflexion (flexion), inversion, and eversion

(dorsiflexion of ankle and toes prevents toes from dragging on ground during heel strike and swing phasse of walking, plantarflexion of ankle and toes allows strong pushoff during the toe-off phase of gait)

63
Q

Primary ligaments at the ankle are _____ and _____

A

Primary ligaments at the ankle are lateral (fibular collateral) and deltoid (media/tibial collateral)

64
Q

Lateral collateral ligament at ankle joint is sprained during _____

A

Lateral collateral ligament at ankle joint is sprained during hyperinversion

65
Q

Medial collateral ligament at ankle joint is sprained during _____

A

Medial collateral ligament at ankle joint is sprained during hypereversion

66
Q

Describe the compartments of the leg

A

Compartments of the leg

  • Anterior: extensors/dorsiflexors, deep fibular nerve
  • Lateral: evertors, superficial fibular nerve
  • Posterior: flexors/plantarflexors, tibial nerve
67
Q

Describe the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Posterior compartment of the leg

  • Muscles: triceps surae, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
  • Muscle actions: plantarflex toes and foot
  • Nerve: tibial nerve
  • Skeletal landmarks: heel of calcaneous, medial malleolus of tibia
68
Q

Major muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg include _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

Major muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg include triceps surae, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior

69
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg function to _____

A

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg function to plantarflex the foot and toes

70
Q

Posterior compartment of leg is innervated by the _____ nerve

A

Posterior compartment of leg is innervated by the tibial nerve

71
Q

Skeletal landmarks of muscles of the posterior compartment of leg include _____ and _____

A

Skeletal landmarks of muscles of the posterior compartment of leg include the heel of calcaneous and medial malleolus of tibia

72
Q

Muscles in the superficial posterior compartment _____ the _____, while muscles in the deep posterior compartment _____ the _____ and _____ the _____

A

Muscles in the superficial posterior compartment plantarflex the ankle, while muscles in the deep posterior compartment plantarflex the ankle and flex the toes

73
Q

Describe the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Anterior compartment of the leg

  • Muscles: tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
  • Muscle actions: dorsiflexion (extension) of ankle and toes, inversion
  • Nerve: deep fibular nerve
  • Skeletal landmarks: lateral malleolus, medial malleolus
74
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg include _____, _____, and _____

A

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg include tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and extensor hallucis longus

75
Q

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg function in _____ and _____

A

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg function in dorsiflexion (extension) of the ankle and toes and inversion

76
Q

Anterior compartment of the leg is innervated by the _____ nerve

A

Anterior compartment of the leg is innervated by the deep fibular nerve

77
Q

Skeletal landmarks of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg include _____ and _____

A

Skeletal landmarks of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg include laterall malleolus and medial malleolus

78
Q

Describe the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Lateral compartment of the leg

  • Muscles: fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
  • Muscle actions: evert foot (plantarflex)
  • Nerve: superficial fibular nerve
  • Skeletal landmarks: head of fibula and lateral malleolus
79
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg include _____ and _____

A

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg include fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

80
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg function to _____

A

Muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg function to evert the foot (plantarflex)

81
Q

Lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by the _____ nerve

A

Lateral compartment of the leg is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve

82
Q

Skeletal landmarks of the lateral compartment of the leg include _____ and _____

A

Skeletal landmarks of the lateral compartment of the leg include head of fibula and lateral malleolus

83
Q

Layers of muscle of the foot are innervated by branches of the _____ nerve, which are the _____ nerve or _____ nerve

A

Layers of muscle of the foot are innervated by branches of the tibial nerve, which are the medial plantar nerve or lateral plantar nerve

84
Q

Describe innervation of muscles of the foot

A

Innervation of muscles of foot

  • Big toe compartment: hallux (abduction, flexion) - medial plantar nerve
  • Little toe compartment: 5th digit (abduction, flexion) - lateral plantar nerve
  • Interossei: toes (abduction, adduction), MCP (flex), IP (extend) - lateral plantar nerve
  • Lumbricals: MCP (flex), IP (extend) - medial plantar nerve for 1 & 2, lateral plantar nerve for 3 & 4
85
Q

_____, _____, _____, and _____ function to support longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

A

Tendons of tibialis anterior and posterior, tendons of flexor hallucis longus and fibularis longus, plantar aponeurosis, and intrinsic foot (plantar) muscles function to support longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot

86
Q

Describe the 3 compartments of the leg

A

3 compartments of the leg

87
Q

Muscles of the lower limb are innervated by branches of the _____, a network of _____ rami of spinal nerves _____

A

Muscles of the lower limb are innervated by branches of the lumbosacral plexis, a network of anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves L2-S3

88
Q

Describe the 3 compartments of the leg

A

3 compartments of the leg

  • Anterior compartment: dorsiflexors, innervated by deep fibular nerve
  • Lateral compartments; evertors, innverated by superficial fibular nerve
  • Posterior compartments: plantarflexors, innervated by tibial nerve
89
Q

_____, _____, _____, and _____ innervate the posterior compartments of adults

A

Axillary nerve, radial nerve, gluteal nerves, and tibial nerve innervate the posterior compartments of adults

90
Q

Axillary nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the arm

A

Axillary nerve innervates the anterior and posterior compartment of the arm

91
Q

Radial nerve innervates the _____ compartments of arm and forearm

A

Radial nerve innervates the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm

92
Q

Gluteal nerves innervate the _____ compartment

A

Gluteal nerves innervate the posterior compartment

93
Q

Tibial nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the _____, _____, and _____

A

Tibial nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh, leg, and plantar foot

94
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the arm

A

Musculocutaneous nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm

95
Q

Median/ulnar nerves innvervate the _____ compartment of the forearm and hand

A

Median/ulnar nerves innvervate the anterior compartment of the forearm and hand

96
Q

Femoral nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the thigh

A

Femoral nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh

97
Q

Obturator nerve innervates the _____ compartment of the thigh

A

Obturator nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh

98
Q

Fibular nerve innervates the _____ and _____ compartments of the leg

A

Fibular nerve innervates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg

99
Q

Describe the compartments of the lower limb in relation to nerve supply and muscle function

A

Compartments of the lower limb in relation to nerve supply and muscle function

  • Thigh posterior: sciatic nerve; hip extensors, knee flexors (hamstrings)
  • Thigh anterior: femoral nerve; hip flexors, knee extensors (quadricepts)
  • Thigh medial: obturator nerve; hip adduction (adductor group)
  • Leg posterior: tibial nerve; ankle and toe plantarflextors (tricepts surae, flexor digitorum)
  • Leg anterior: deep fibular nerve; ankle and toe extensors
  • Leg lateral: superficial fibular nerve; ankle evertors
100
Q

Describe actions controlled by each peripheral nerve

A
  • Superior gluteal nerve: hip abduction, lateral balance
  • Inferior gluteal nerve: hip extension, lateral balance
  • Femoral nerve: hip flexion, knee extension
  • Obturator nerve: hip adduction
  • Tibial nerve: hip extension, knee/ankle/toes flexion, inversion, toe abduction/adduction
  • Deep fibular nerve: ankle/toe extension, inversion
  • Superficial fibular nerve: ankle flexion, eversion
101
Q

Sensation in areas of _____ will be lost or altered in peripheral nerve damage

A

Sensation in areas of cutaneous innervation will be lost or altered in peripheral nerve damage

102
Q

Describe the relationship between compartment, nerve, and function in the lower limb

A
103
Q

After an accident, a woman presents with a foot that is dorsiflexed and everted. Knee extension is normal, but she cannot stand on her toes. She has little sensation on the distolateral part of her calf. ______ nerve is damaged

A

After an accident, a woman presents with a foot that is dorsiflexed and everted. Knee extension is normal, but she cannot stand on her toes. She has little sensation on the distolateral part of her calf. Tibial nerve is damaged

MSK/Derm (49 decks)

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