SM_238a: Functional Anatomy of the Lower Limb / Gait Flashcards
Describe the 7 periods of the gait cycle
7 periods of the gait cycle
- Loading response: 0-10%
- Mid stance: 10-30%
- Terminal stance: 30-50%
- Pre-swing: 50-60%
- Initial swing: 60-73%
- Mid swing: 73-87%
- Terminal swing: 87-100%
List the 7 periods of gait cycle in order
7 periods of gait cycle
- Loading response: 0-10%
- Mid stance: 10-30%
- Terminal stance: 30-50%
- Pre-swing: 50-60%
- Initial swing: 60-73%
- Mid swing: 73-87%
- Terminal swing: 87-100%
Stride length is ____
Stride length is distance between two successive heel contacts of the same foot
(1 stride length = 1 gait cycle)
Step length is ____
Step length is distance between heel contacts of each foot
Step width is ____
Step width is distance between heel centers of two consecutive heel contacts
Toe out angle is ____
Toe out angle is angle between line of progression of the body and long axis of the foot
Strategies to increase walking speed are _____ and _____
Strategies to increase walking speed are increasing stride length and increasing cadence
In elderly, gait speed is ____, step length is ____, and cadence is ____
In elderly, gait speed is reduced, step length is shorter, and cadence is slower
(more stability, less likely to fall)
Periods of double limb support _____ during running and both feet are _____
Periods of double limb support disappear during running and both feet are off the ground simultaneously
Anterior compartment of the thigh contains the _____, _____, and _____ muscles
Anterior compartment of the thigh contains the iliopsoas (iliacus, psoas major), sartorius, and quadriceps (rectus femorus, vastus lateralis / medialis / intermedius) muscles
Anterior compartment of the thigh functions to ____ and ____ and is innervated by the ____
Anterior compartment of the thigh functions to flex hip and extend knee and is innvervated by the femoral nerve
Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh contains the ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ muscles
Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh contains the gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus muscles
Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh functions to ____, ____, and ____ and is innervated by the ____
Medial/adductor compartment of the thigh functions to adduct hip, flex hip, and medially rotate hip and is innervated by the obturator nerve
Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh contains the ____, ____, and ____ muscles
Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh contains the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris (long head, short head) muscles
Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh functions to ____ and ____ and is innervated by the ____
Posterior/hamstring compartment of the thigh functions to extend hip and flex knee and is innervated by the sciatic nerve
Gluteal region contains the ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ muscles
Gluteal region contains the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, and 6 lateral rotator muscles
Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae insert into the ____
Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae insert into the iliotibial band
Gluteal region functions to ____, ____, and ____ and is innervated by the ____
Gluteal region functions to extend hip, abduct hip, and laterally rotate hip and is innervated by the superior and inferior gluteal nerves
Anterior crural muscles include ____, ____, ____, and ____
Anterior crural muscles include tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis (peroneus) tertius
Anterior crural muscles function to ____, ____, and ____ and are innervated by the ____
Anterior crural muscles function to dorsiflex ankle, invert/evert ankle, and extend toes and are innervated by the deep fibular nerve
Lateral crural muscles include ____ and ____
Lateral crural muscles include fibularis (peroneus) longus and fibularis (peroneus) brevis
Lateral crural muscles function to ____ and ____ and are innervated by the ____
Lateral crural muscles function to plantarflex ankle and evert ankle and are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve
Superficial group of posterior crural muscles includes ____, ____, and ____
Superficial group of posterior crural muscles includes gastrocnemius (medial head, lateral head), soleus, and plantaris
Deep group of posterior crural muscles includes ____, ____, ____, and ____
Deep group of posterior crural muscles includes popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior
Posterior crural muscles function to ____, ____, and ____ and are innervated by the ____
Posterior crural muscles function to plantarflex ankle, invert ankle, and flex toes and are innervated by the tibial nerve
Initial contact (0% - heel strike) involves ____, ____, and ____
Initial contact (0% - heel strike) involves quadriceps, hamstrings, and dorsiflexors
(hamstrings slow movement down, most muscle activity in gait is eccentric)
Loading response (0-10%) involves ____ and ____
Loading response (0-10%) involves quadriceps and gluteals
Mid stance (0-30%) involves ____, ____, and ____
Mid stance (0-30%) involves gluteus medius, gastrocnemius, and soleus
Terminal stance (30-50%) involves ____ and ____
Terminal stance (30-50%) involves gastrocnemius and soleus
Pre-swing (50-60%) involves ____ and ____
Pre-swing (50-60%) involves adductor longus and rectus femoris
Initial swing (60-70%) involves ____, ____, and ____
Initial swing (60-70%) involves hip flexors (iliacus), short head of biceps femoris, and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, hallucis longus)
Mid swing (70-85%) involves ____ and ____
Mid swing (70-85%) involves hip flexors and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior) and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)
Terminal swing (85-100%) involves ____, ____, ____, and ____
Terminal swing (85-100%) involves hip flexors, hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus), quadriceps, and ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)
Pathological gait occurs due to ____, ____, ____, and ____
Pathological gait occurs due to deformity (joint contractures), muscle weakness, impaired control (CVA, SCI, peripheral nerve injuries), and pain (OA)
Foot drop can occur due to ____ and involves ____
Foot drop can occur due to stroke and involves knee/hip flexion to clear the foot
Valgus is excessive ____ and involves knee displacement ____
Valgus is excessive abduction and involves knee displacement medially
Varus is excessive ____ and involves knee displacement ____
Varus is excessive adduction and involves knee displacement laterally
Trendelenburg is _____, causing _____
Trendelenburg is when the gluteus medius on one side is weak, causing contralateral pelvis drop
Knee fusion is ____
Knee fusion is when the knee cannot be flexed to get the leg through
