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neuro 2 > sleep, dreaming + circadian rhythms > Flashcards

sleep, dreaming + circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

what does the vast amount of time spent sleeping suggest?

A

sleep has a significant biological function

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2
Q

how many hours do people sleep in their lifetime?

A

over 175,000 hours

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3
Q

sleep is needed to restore homestasis as wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis = what sleep theory?

A

recuperation theory

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4
Q

sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism and has evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night = what sleep theories?

A

adaptation theories

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5
Q

what is evidence that sleep isn’t a special higher order human function?

A

all mammals and birds sleep

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6
Q

is there a clear relationship between species’ sleep time and activity level?

A

no

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7
Q

sleep and wakefulness follow circadian rhythm with a periodicity of how many hours?

A

24

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8
Q

what are 2 features of circadian rhythms?

A

endogenous, persist without environmental cues

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9
Q

circadian rhythms modulated by external timing cues by adapting the rhythm to the environment =

A

zeitgebers

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10
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

body temperature hunger, thirst, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

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11
Q

what is the major internal clock of the medial hypothalamus that regulates timing of sleep?

A

suprachasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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12
Q

what happens if the suprachiasmatic tract is lesioned?

A

circadian rhythm of sleep is dampened down, not as pronounced

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13
Q

how was the carousel apparatus used in sleep deprivation studies with rats?

A

used to deprive rats of sleep, EEG records when rat falls asleep, this causes chamber floor to move, if rat doesn’t wake up, apparatus collapses and rat falls into water.

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14
Q

what did the sleep deprivation with rats show?

A

rats typically died after several days. postmortem resists reveal extreme stress experienced - but did they die because of stress or lack of sleep? (was stress from lack of sleep?)

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15
Q

sleep consists of cycles of _____ sleep and ___ sleep

A

non-REM and REM

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16
Q

REM stands for?

A

rapid eye movement

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17
Q

sleep is defined behaviourally as:

A

reduced motor activity, reduced response to stimulation, stereotypic postures (eyes closed), relatively east reversibility

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18
Q

how can the physiological activity of sleep be measured?

A

electrical recordings

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19
Q

muscle movements can be measured by?

A

electromyography

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20
Q

eye movements can be measured by?

A

electro-oculography

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21
Q

brain activity can be measured with?

A

EEG

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22
Q

EEG recordings measure?

A

electrical voltage changes in the brain (Hz)

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23
Q

how many cycles in a waveform in a particular amount of time, measures oscillations =

A

frequency

peak to peak/trough to trough

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24
Q

Hz =

A

how many times per second

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25
how big/loud it is from peak to trough =
amplitude
26
what is the order of frequency from low to high?
delta > theta > alpha > beta > gamma
27
0.5-3.5Hz =
delta
28
3.5-7.5Hz =
theta
29
8-12Hz =
alpha
30
15-30Hz =
beta
31
30+ Hz =
gamma (higher cognition functioning)
32
when a person is awake and alert what would their EEG show?
high frequency (15-30Hz) and low amplitude electrical activity > BETA
33
when a person is awake and relaxed what would their EEG show?
medium frequency (8-12Hz) and medium amplitude > ALPHA
34
the first stage of sleep is the transition between ____ and ________
sleep and wakefulness
35
1st stage of sleep = what EEG activity?
THETA (3.5-7.5Hz)
36
what EEG activity continues from stage 1 to stage 2 of sleep?
theta
37
what do sleep stages 3 and 4 mainly consist of?
delta activity (3.5Hz)
38
what stages of sleep does slow wave sleep occur?
3 and 4
39
what stage is sleep walking and talking most likely to occur?
delta sleep (3 + 4)
40
what would the EEG of person who is in REM sleep look similar to?
someone who is awake and active (theta, alpha, beta activity) > looks like wakefulness
41
REM sleep is most associated with ______
dreaming
42
muscles are still active, eyes show slow, gentle rolling movements, theta activity = what sleep stage?
1
43
sleep gets deeper, EEG gets progressively lower in frequency and higher in amplitude = what sleep stage?
stages 2 and 3
44
deepest stage of sleep, relatively high amplitude delta activity = what sleep stage?
4
45
how long does it take and what is the duration of sleep stage 4?
reached in less than 1 hour and continues for up to 30 mins
46
what are the 2 biological clocks in the human brain?
pons and SCN
47
what is the clock in the pons responsible for?
basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) and cycles of REM sleep and slow wave sleep
48
range of structures in the brain stem that changes ossicilations in the cortex =
reticular formation
49
how long is the BRAC?
90 mins
50
if the reticular formation is stimulated you can wake the _____ up
cortex (becomes desynchronised)
51
set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem =
reticular formation
52
why is the reticular formation not anatomically well defined?
it includes neutrons located in different parts of the brain
53
would slow wave sleep be synchronised neurons or desynchronised?
synchronised
54
would wakefulness be synchronised or desynchronised?
desynchronised (neurons all doing their own thing)
55
small effects of sleep deprivation include?
logical deduction, critical thinking, physical strength, motor performance
56
large effects of sleep deprivation affect _________ in the prefrontal cortex
executive function
57
what did experimental studies of sleep deprivation in humans find when they had 3-4 hours of deprivation in a night?
increased sleepiness, disturbances on written mood tests, poor performance on vigilance tests
58
what did experimental studies of sleep deprivation in humans find when they had 2-3 days of continuous deprivation?
experience micro sleeps, naps of 2-3 seconds
59
sleep deprivation ________ sleep efficiency
increases
60
after sleep deprivation most of the lost stage __ is regained and what is increased?
4, slow wave sleep
61
do short sleepers get more, less or the same of slow wave sleep as long sleepers?
the same
62
gradual reductions in sleep time lead to decreases in what 2 stages?
1 and 2
63
unlike slow wave sleep awakening, what is not produced with repeated REM awakenings?
sleepiness
64
what are the 2 consistent effects found with REM-sleep deprivation?
people proceed more rapidly into REM as REM deprivation increases, more time is spent in REM when deprivation is over (REM rebound)
65
what does the REM rebound suggest?
that REM sleep serves as a special function
66
what are the theories for the purpose of REM?
processing of explicit memories, difficult to remain in NREM sleep
67
what are the criticisms for REMs processing explicit memories?
inconsistent findings, antidepressant REM blocking drugs don't interfere with memory
68
what study was found to support that it is difficult to remain in NREM sleep?
awoke sleepers in REM for 15 mins and found no sleepiness or REM rebound next day, REM blocking drugs cause periods of wakefulness
69
how much REM for a new born?
70%
70
how much REM for a 6 month old?
30%
71
how much REM for adulthood?
22%
72
how much REM for late adulthood?
15%
73
give some features about REM dreaming
story like dreams, run on real time, happens to everyone, external stimuli incorporated into dreams
74
when does dreaming of isolated experiences such as falling occur?
NREM sleep
75
sleepwalking and taking are ____ likely to occur while dreaming
less

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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