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neuro 2 > sleep, dreaming + circadian rhythms > Flashcards

sleep, dreaming + circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

what does the vast amount of time spent sleeping suggest?

A

sleep has a significant biological function

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2
Q

how many hours do people sleep in their lifetime?

A

over 175,000 hours

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3
Q

sleep is needed to restore homestasis as wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis = what sleep theory?

A

recuperation theory

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4
Q

sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism and has evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night = what sleep theories?

A

adaptation theories

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5
Q

what is evidence that sleep isn’t a special higher order human function?

A

all mammals and birds sleep

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6
Q

is there a clear relationship between species’ sleep time and activity level?

A

no

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7
Q

sleep and wakefulness follow circadian rhythm with a periodicity of how many hours?

A

24

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8
Q

what are 2 features of circadian rhythms?

A

endogenous, persist without environmental cues

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9
Q

circadian rhythms modulated by external timing cues by adapting the rhythm to the environment =

A

zeitgebers

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10
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

body temperature hunger, thirst, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

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11
Q

what is the major internal clock of the medial hypothalamus that regulates timing of sleep?

A

suprachasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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12
Q

what happens if the suprachiasmatic tract is lesioned?

A

circadian rhythm of sleep is dampened down, not as pronounced

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13
Q

how was the carousel apparatus used in sleep deprivation studies with rats?

A

used to deprive rats of sleep, EEG records when rat falls asleep, this causes chamber floor to move, if rat doesn’t wake up, apparatus collapses and rat falls into water.

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14
Q

what did the sleep deprivation with rats show?

A

rats typically died after several days. postmortem resists reveal extreme stress experienced - but did they die because of stress or lack of sleep? (was stress from lack of sleep?)

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15
Q

sleep consists of cycles of _____ sleep and ___ sleep

A

non-REM and REM

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16
Q

REM stands for?

A

rapid eye movement

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17
Q

sleep is defined behaviourally as:

A

reduced motor activity, reduced response to stimulation, stereotypic postures (eyes closed), relatively east reversibility

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18
Q

how can the physiological activity of sleep be measured?

A

electrical recordings

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19
Q

muscle movements can be measured by?

A

electromyography

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20
Q

eye movements can be measured by?

A

electro-oculography

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21
Q

brain activity can be measured with?

A

EEG

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22
Q

EEG recordings measure?

A

electrical voltage changes in the brain (Hz)

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23
Q

how many cycles in a waveform in a particular amount of time, measures oscillations =

A

frequency

peak to peak/trough to trough

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24
Q

Hz =

A

how many times per second

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25
Q

how big/loud it is from peak to trough =

A

amplitude

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26
Q

what is the order of frequency from low to high?

A

delta > theta > alpha > beta > gamma

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27
Q

0.5-3.5Hz =

A

delta

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28
Q

3.5-7.5Hz =

A

theta

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29
Q

8-12Hz =

A

alpha

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30
Q

15-30Hz =

A

beta

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31
Q

30+ Hz =

A

gamma (higher cognition functioning)

32
Q

when a person is awake and alert what would their EEG show?

A

high frequency (15-30Hz) and low amplitude electrical activity > BETA

33
Q

when a person is awake and relaxed what would their EEG show?

A

medium frequency (8-12Hz) and medium amplitude > ALPHA

34
Q

the first stage of sleep is the transition between ____ and ________

A

sleep and wakefulness

35
Q

1st stage of sleep = what EEG activity?

A

THETA (3.5-7.5Hz)

36
Q

what EEG activity continues from stage 1 to stage 2 of sleep?

A

theta

37
Q

what do sleep stages 3 and 4 mainly consist of?

A

delta activity (3.5Hz)

38
Q

what stages of sleep does slow wave sleep occur?

A

3 and 4

39
Q

what stage is sleep walking and talking most likely to occur?

A

delta sleep (3 + 4)

40
Q

what would the EEG of person who is in REM sleep look similar to?

A

someone who is awake and active (theta, alpha, beta activity) > looks like wakefulness

41
Q

REM sleep is most associated with ______

A

dreaming

42
Q

muscles are still active, eyes show slow, gentle rolling movements, theta activity = what sleep stage?

A

1

43
Q

sleep gets deeper, EEG gets progressively lower in frequency and higher in amplitude = what sleep stage?

A

stages 2 and 3

44
Q

deepest stage of sleep, relatively high amplitude delta activity = what sleep stage?

A

4

45
Q

how long does it take and what is the duration of sleep stage 4?

A

reached in less than 1 hour and continues for up to 30 mins

46
Q

what are the 2 biological clocks in the human brain?

A

pons and SCN

47
Q

what is the clock in the pons responsible for?

A

basic rest-activity cycle (BRAC) and cycles of REM sleep and slow wave sleep

48
Q

range of structures in the brain stem that changes ossicilations in the cortex =

A

reticular formation

49
Q

how long is the BRAC?

A

90 mins

50
Q

if the reticular formation is stimulated you can wake the _____ up

A

cortex (becomes desynchronised)

51
Q

set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem =

A

reticular formation

52
Q

why is the reticular formation not anatomically well defined?

A

it includes neutrons located in different parts of the brain

53
Q

would slow wave sleep be synchronised neurons or desynchronised?

A

synchronised

54
Q

would wakefulness be synchronised or desynchronised?

A

desynchronised (neurons all doing their own thing)

55
Q

small effects of sleep deprivation include?

A

logical deduction, critical thinking, physical strength, motor performance

56
Q

large effects of sleep deprivation affect _________ in the prefrontal cortex

A

executive function

57
Q

what did experimental studies of sleep deprivation in humans find when they had 3-4 hours of deprivation in a night?

A

increased sleepiness, disturbances on written mood tests, poor performance on vigilance tests

58
Q

what did experimental studies of sleep deprivation in humans find when they had 2-3 days of continuous deprivation?

A

experience micro sleeps, naps of 2-3 seconds

59
Q

sleep deprivation ________ sleep efficiency

A

increases

60
Q

after sleep deprivation most of the lost stage __ is regained and what is increased?

A

4, slow wave sleep

61
Q

do short sleepers get more, less or the same of slow wave sleep as long sleepers?

A

the same

62
Q

gradual reductions in sleep time lead to decreases in what 2 stages?

A

1 and 2

63
Q

unlike slow wave sleep awakening, what is not produced with repeated REM awakenings?

A

sleepiness

64
Q

what are the 2 consistent effects found with REM-sleep deprivation?

A

people proceed more rapidly into REM as REM deprivation increases, more time is spent in REM when deprivation is over (REM rebound)

65
Q

what does the REM rebound suggest?

A

that REM sleep serves as a special function

66
Q

what are the theories for the purpose of REM?

A

processing of explicit memories, difficult to remain in NREM sleep

67
Q

what are the criticisms for REMs processing explicit memories?

A

inconsistent findings, antidepressant REM blocking drugs don’t interfere with memory

68
Q

what study was found to support that it is difficult to remain in NREM sleep?

A

awoke sleepers in REM for 15 mins and found no sleepiness or REM rebound next day, REM blocking drugs cause periods of wakefulness

69
Q

how much REM for a new born?

A

70%

70
Q

how much REM for a 6 month old?

A

30%

71
Q

how much REM for adulthood?

A

22%

72
Q

how much REM for late adulthood?

A

15%

73
Q

give some features about REM dreaming

A

story like dreams, run on real time, happens to everyone, external stimuli incorporated into dreams

74
Q

when does dreaming of isolated experiences such as falling occur?

A

NREM sleep

75
Q

sleepwalking and taking are ____ likely to occur while dreaming

A

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neuro 2 (13 decks)

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