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neuro 2 > brain damage and neuroplasticity > Flashcards

brain damage and neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

chronic medical condition by temporary changes in electrical function of the brain which causes seizures =

A

epilepsy

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2
Q

what do seizures affect?

A

awareness, movement, sensation

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3
Q

who is epilepsy most common in?

A

children and elderly

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4
Q

idiopathic disease =

A

no single cause

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5
Q

why does epilepsy have a wide range of symptoms?

A

because it is a problem in electrical signalling it can affect any part of the brain

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6
Q

symptoms of epilepsy depend on what 2 things?

A

type and area of brain affected during particular seizure

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of partial epilepsy?

A

simple and complex

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of generalised epilepsy?

A

grand mal and petit mal

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9
Q

what is the main difference between partial and generalised epilepsy?

A

partial = localised to specific areas of the brain, generalised = can involve entire brain

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10
Q

localised effects that are usually sensory and/or motor = what type of seizure?

A

simple partial

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11
Q

give an example of how simple partial epilepsy would affect the arm

A

localised jerking beginning in the right hand and progressing to clonic movements of the right arm. the progression up the arm is produced by epileptiform activity in the motor cortex that controls the arm

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12
Q

effects are complex and diverse and is also known as temporal lobe epilepsy, has Focal Onset Impaired Awareness seizures = what type of seizure?

A

complex partial

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13
Q

what symptoms are associated with complex partial seizures?

A

apparently ordered/coordinated but inappropriate motor behaviour e.g. running, chewing, buttoning, may be absent and lasts a few mins, often no memory of episode

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14
Q

abnormal sensations preceding partial seizures =

A

auras

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15
Q

give examples of the type of auras people can have before a partial seizure?

A

sense of fear, rising abdomen feeling, strange tastes/odours, visual sensations/hallucinations

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16
Q

person is briefly absent/disrupted consciousness = what type of seizure?

A

petit mal (absence)

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17
Q

is petit mal seizures more present in children or adults?

A

children (often disappears with age)

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18
Q

person may lose consciousness and fall to the ground, rigid body and extreme jerks, also called a tonic-clonic seizure = what type of seizure?

A

grand mal

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19
Q

rigidity extend all limbs = ____ phase

A

tonic

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20
Q

jerks in all extremities = _____ phase

A

clonic

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21
Q

is the source of the seizure spreads into the thalamus what can it become?

A

a generalised seizure

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22
Q

what happens during a brain seizure?

A

faults at inhibitory synapses that causes extensive synchronisation of firing across a large number of neurons

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23
Q

how can neuron synchronisation be measured?

A

EEG and invasive measures e.g. cell specific recording

24
Q

when measuring EEG signals of epilepsy we are not only interested in the signal over time but also?

A

the frequency components of the signal (how fast)

25
Q

‘Spime and wave’ (3Hz) is associated with what type of seizure?

A

petit mal generalised seizures

26
Q

what does the pharmacological treatments for epilepsy aim to do?

A

target GABA or Na+ channels in aim to dampen down excessive neural firing, increasing release of inhibitory GABA

27
Q

changes to brain structure, connectivity and function over time in response to changing environmental pressures =

A

neuroplasticity

28
Q

what are the 3 key principles of neuroplasticity?

A

neurodegeneration, neuroregeneration, neural reorganisation

29
Q

___ billion neurons in the adult brain =

A

100

30
Q

what type of brain connections do we keep?

A

connections that are continually activated by our experiences

31
Q

what happens if you don’t have sufficient brain stimulation at the critical point?

A

lose lots of connections

32
Q

grey matter volume (cell bodies) ____ with age due to reduction in connections and other support cells (glial cells)

A

decline

33
Q

white matter volume _____ for a while due to connections getting better insulated with myelin

A

increases

34
Q

what area of the brain is the last for connections to become fully myelinated?

A

frontal cortex

35
Q

what are some of the ways that neurodegeneration can occur?

A

disruption of normal NT function (loss of input, excitotoxicity) loss of fuel supply from stroke/CVD, attack from infections/toxins/own immune system, faulty genetic signalling

36
Q

what are the 2 types of neuronal cell death that can occur?

A

necrosis and apoptosis

37
Q

why does MS result in disruptive or blocked neurotransmission?

A

caused by degeneration of myelin and development of scar tissue that blocks it

38
Q

what type of cells help guide the regrowth of a damaged axon?

A

Schwann cells (PNS)

39
Q

why can regeneration be quite disordered and chaotic?

A

problem = damage to nerve tissue is not neat, axons want to regrow in different directions following the myelin

40
Q

what is the explanation for so little growth and regeneration potential in the mammalian CNS?

A

capacity of skull size, brain is already packed in so would cause too much pressure

41
Q

damaged neuron swells > breaks apart > fragmentation leads to inflammation > damages other nearby cells = what type of cell death?

A

necrosis

42
Q

shrinkage of cell body > debris packed into vesicles > no inflammation > damage to nearby cells is kept to minimum = what type of cell death?

A

apoptosis

43
Q

convulsions =
tremors =
rigidity =

A

motor seizures, clonus, tonus

44
Q

what are some of the causes of epilepsy?

A

viruses, neurotoxins, tumours, blows to the head

45
Q

_________ processes seem to be responsible for seizure acrivity

A

inflammatory

46
Q

what are the 2 reasons why auras are important?

A

provides clues with location of the epileptic focus, warns patient of impending convulsion

47
Q

focal seizure is the same as?

A

partial seizure

48
Q

complex partial seizures are restricted to the ______ lobes

A

temporal

49
Q

patient engages in compulsive, repetitive, simple behaviours called?

A

automatisms

50
Q

convulsions involve both _____ and _____

A

clonus, tonus

51
Q

what are common manifestations of tonic clonic convulsions?

A

tongue biting, urinary incontinece, turning blue from hypoxia

52
Q

degeneration of the distal segment =

A

anterograde degeneration

53
Q

degeneration of proximal segment =

A

retrograde degeneration

54
Q

sometimes degeneration spreads from damaged neurons to neurons that are linked by synapses =

A

trans neuronal degeneration

55
Q

what are some of the signs of absence petit mal seizures?

A

disruption of consciousness, halt in ongoing behaviour, vacant look, fluttering eyelids

56
Q

there is no cure for epilepsy but the frequency and severity of seizures can be reduced by?

A

epileptic medication

57
Q

what are some of the problems with epileptic medication?

A

adverse side effects and don’t work on everyone

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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