OCD

Question 1

what are the 2 important factors of OCD?

Answer 1

obsessions and compulsions

Question 2

intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges associated with causing harm to oneself/loved ones =

Answer 2

obsessions

Question 3

what can obsessions lead sufferers to develop?

Answer 3

repetitive behaviour patterns e.g. washing/compulsive checking

Question 4

repetitive/ritualised behaviour patterns that sufferers feel driven to perform in order to prevent bad things from happening =

Answer 4

compulsions

Question 5

give an example of compulsions

Answer 5

checking the door/light switches

Question 6

what do the compulsions aim to do for sufferers?

Answer 6

reduce stress and anxiety caused by the sufferers obsessive fears > provides relief

Question 7

give some examples of types of OCD

Answer 7

checking, contamination, symmetry/ordering, intrusive thoughts, hoarding

Question 8

what is a diagnosis of OCD dependent on?

Answer 8

causing marked distress, time consuming, significantly interfering with performing other daily functions

Question 9

list the different theories/explanations for OCD

Answer 9

biological factors, psychological factors

Question 10

twin studies have found ____ concordance rate for monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins

Answer 10

high

Question 11

family relatives of individuals with OCD are _____ ______ to have a diagnosis of OCD than non-family controls

Answer 11

more likely

Question 12

what can be associated with onset of OCD that suggests a neuropsychological deficit that gives rise to ‘DOUBTING’ in some forms of OCD

Answer 12

traumatic brain injury

Question 13

what areas of the brain have evidence of increased blood flow when sufferers are shown a stimuli representing their obsession or compulsion?

Answer 13

frontal lobe and basal ganglia

Question 14

what is a central feature of OCD and what does it suggest?

Answer 14

doubting > suggests OCD may be characterised by memory deficits

Question 15

it has been suggested that OCD sufferers may have what 3 things?

Answer 15

a general memory deficit, less confidence in their memory validity, deficit in ability to distinguish between real and imagined actions

Question 16

purpose of these constructs is to link the thoughts, beliefs and cognitive processes to subsequent symptoms = _____ constructs

Answer 16

clinical

Question 17

idea that sufferers believe they have a responsibility and the power for preventing harm, central causal characteristic of OCD =

Answer 17

inflated responsibility

Question 18

sufferers believe that intrusive thoughts have ______ attached to them

Answer 18

meanings

Question 19

many sufferers believe that their thoughts can influence events in the world =

Answer 19

thought-action-fusion

Question 20

sufferers may actively try and suppress obsessive thoughts =

Answer 20

thought suppression

Question 21

is the evidence that actively suppressing the unwanted thought will cause it to occur more or less frequently once period of suppression is over?

Answer 21

more frequently

Question 22

what has evidence shown with sufferers trying to suppress unpleasant thoughts?

Answer 22

it induces a strong negative emotional state that is then associated with the suppressed thought

Question 23

model that states that OCD sufferers persevere with their compulsions because they have a stop rule and undertake the task in a negative mood state = what hypothesis?

Answer 23

mood as input hypothesis

Question 24

if compulsions are always done when in a negative anxious mood, what effect does this have on the compulsive activity being continued and why?

Answer 24

negative mood is being interpreted as providing feedback that the goals of the activity have not been completed so activity needs to be continued (repeated until done)

Question 25

what treatment is most common and successful?

Answer 25

exposure and ritual prevention treatment

Question 26

exposure to the situation and thoughts that trigger distress until distress levels decrease =

Answer 26

graded exposure

Question 27

give an example of graded exposure

Answer 27

touching a dirty dish

Question 28

involves strategies such as practicing competing behaviours, habit reversal, modification of compulsive rituals =

Answer 28

ritual/response prevention

Question 29

what are the benefits of preventing the client from engaging in their rituals?

Answer 29

removes anxiety, eliminates ritualistic behaviours that negatively reinforce anxiety, disconfirms dysfunctional beliefs by forcing client to encounter the feared situation and experience reality of outcomes with action

Question 30

based on targeting and modifying dysfunctional beliefs that OCD sufferers hold about their fears, thoughts and significance of their rituals =

Answer 30

CBT

Question 31

what pharmacological treatment is used to treat OCD?

Answer 31

SSRIs

Question 32

what is the most common surgical procedure to treat OCD as a last resort?

Answer 32

cingulotomy (involves destroying cells in the cingulum) which improves OCD symptoms

Question 33

list the different treatment methods of OCD

Answer 33

graded exposure, ritual prevention, CBT, pharmacological, surgical