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neuro 2 > biopsychology of emotion, stress and health > Flashcards

biopsychology of emotion, stress and health Flashcards

1
Q

In Darwin’s theory, why have we evolved to have emotions?

A

help us build social connections for reproduction, communication, survival > adaptive function when emotions are +

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2
Q

how do emotions help communicate a message when speaking?

A

affect tone, delivery, interaction between people

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3
Q

what did Darwin observe with emotions?

A

displayed in almost all species, emotions in different animal kingdoms are very similar, expression of emotion is a product of evolution

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4
Q

what were Darwin’s 3 main ideas of emotion human evolution?

A

emotions expressed indicate what an animal is likely to do next (useful for survival), if signal they display benefits animals they will evolve in ways to enhance communication, opposite messages are often signalled by opposite movement/postures

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5
Q

what are the 2 type of responses when emotions are experienced?

A

physiological and emotional response

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6
Q

what are the 3 physiological theories of emotion?

A

James Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Two-factor theory

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7
Q

physiological arousal from autonomic and somatic responses lead to feelings of fear in the brain = what theory?

A

James-lange theory

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8
Q

emotional stimuli have 2 independent effects (excite feeling of emotion in the brain and expression of emotion in the ANS and SNS) as parallel processes that have no causal relation = what theory?

A

Cannon-Bard theory

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9
Q

what don’t early theories of emotion take into account?

A

that emotion and physiological response have a knock on effect on each other

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10
Q

complex interaction between factors so when we feel an emotion it affects our physiological response but also the physiological response affects our emotion = what theory?

A

Two-factor theory

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11
Q

what are the 3 principle factors in an emotional response?

A

perception of the emotion-inducing stimulus, ANS and SNS responses, experience of the emotion

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12
Q

does evidence indicate that all emotions are associated with the same pattern of ANS activity?

A

no

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13
Q

is there any evidence that each emotion is characterised by a distinct pattern of ANS activity?

A

no

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14
Q

describe the facial feedback hypothesis

A

evidence that facial expressions can influence how we feel, (studies shown that ppts told to make a smiley face felt happier and when told to make an angry face felt angrier)

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15
Q

why is fear the most widely studied emotion?

A

easiest emotion to infer from behaviour in various species, has adaptive function to avoid threat, chronic fear is a common source of stress

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16
Q

primary function to protect the organism from threat or harm =

A

defensive behaviours

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17
Q

behaviours where primary function is to threaten or harm =

A

aggressive behaviours

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18
Q

establishment of fear in response to previously neutral stimuli (CS) by presenting it several times before the delivery of an aversive stimulus (AS) =

A

fear conditioning

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19
Q

what study was famous for fear conditioning?

A

little albert study (rat = NS, curiosity = NR, noise = US, crying = UR)

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20
Q

what does fear conditioning explain?

A

phobia theories

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21
Q

what brain structure is believed to have roles in emotion processing and fear?

A

amygdala

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22
Q

lesions/damage to the amygdala leads to problems in?

A

processing fear

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23
Q

from the amygdala what does the pathway to the periaqueductal grey (PAG) elicit?

A

appropriate defensive responses

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24
Q

what does the pathway from the amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus elicit?

A

appropriate sympathetic responses (increased arousal)

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25
Q

clusters of many nuclei =

A

amygdala complex

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26
Q

involved in acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear =

A

lateral nucleus

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27
Q

acts on the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to suppress conditioned fear =

A

pre frontal cortex

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28
Q

outputs involved in controlling defensive behaviour =

A

central nuncleus

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29
Q

how did the discovery of Kluver-Bucy syndrome lead us to know the amygdala is involved in fear processing?

A

syndrome in monkeys whose anterior temporal lobes had been removed and displayed behaviour of lack of fear. most of primates syndromes due to damage to the amygdala

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30
Q

how has a human case study shown the amygdala is involved in fear processing?

A

‘women with no fear’ > female with bilateral amygdala destruction from rare genetic condition

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31
Q

what brain region is key for emotional processing?

A

limbic system

32
Q

what are the structures of the limbic system that emotions are expressed through?

A

amygdala, mammillary body, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus

33
Q

what are the brain sites for of emotion-cognition interaction?

A

medial prefrontal lobes

34
Q

what did functioning brain imaging studies find evidence for with the medial prefrontal lobes and emotional reactions?

A

activity of being cognitively suppressed or re-evaluated

35
Q

environmental and context where fear-inducing stimuli is encountered can come to elicit fear =

A

contextual fear conditioning (plays key role in memory for spatial locations)

36
Q

lesions to the hippocampus block..?

A

development of fear responses to the context

37
Q

what is the dominant approach to studying emotion brain mechanisms?

A

cognitive neuroscience of emotion

38
Q

sensory cortex =

motor cortex =

A

input,

output

39
Q

model that proposes that the right hemisphere is specialised for all aspects of emotional processing =

A

right-hemisphere model (theory too general and no evidence)

40
Q

model that proposes that the right hemisphere is specialised for processing negative emotions and the left is specialised for processing positive emotion =

A

valence model (theory too general and no evidence)

41
Q

what does the asymmetry of facial expressions mean?

A

facial expressions are more pronounced on the LEFT side of face

42
Q

emotions situations produce widespread increases in ______ activity

A

cerebral

43
Q

why do emotions matter?

A

major part of mental life, motivate actions, mental health disorders are linked to defective emotions, they are biologically valuable

44
Q

mental, physical, emotional and behavioural reactions to any perceived demands or threats =

A

stress

45
Q

what are the 5 major sources of stress?

A

work, change/transition, loss, relationships, total response of the organism

46
Q

explain individual experience of stress

A

different people respond to the same stressor in different ways and not everyone will be stressed by the same thing

47
Q

is it the stressor or the response to the stressor that makes someone stressed?

A

response to the stressor

48
Q

what are the 2 systems that are activated in the short term response to a stressor?

A

anterior-pituitary adrenal cortex system, sympathetic nervous system

49
Q

body is exposed to harm/threat > cluster of physiological changes with the same core pattern occur =

A

stress response

50
Q

in the short term, the stress response produces ______ changes

A

adaptive

51
Q

describe the activation of the anterior-pituitary adrenal-cortex system

A

stressor > anterior-pituitary releases ACTH > triggers release of glucocorticoids from adrenal-cortex > release glucose (energy)

52
Q

describe the activation of the SNS

A

adrenal medulla releases increased levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones > increases HR, breathing, sweating, dilating pupils

53
Q

why is the hippocampus particularly susceptible to stress?

A

due to the dense population of glucocorticoid receptors

54
Q

what effects does stress have on the hippocampus?

A

reduce dendritic branches, reduce neurogenesis, modify structure of some hippocampal synapses, disrupt hippocampus dependent task performance

(effects mediated by elevated levels of glucocorticoids)

55
Q

brief increases in HR, mild elevations in stress hormone = _____ stress

A

positive

56
Q

serious, temporary stress responses, gives immune system a boost = ______ stress

A

tolerable

57
Q

prolonged activation of stress response systems in the absence of protective relationships = ______ stress

A

toxic

58
Q

what buffers tolerable stress from being toxic?

A

supportive relationships

59
Q

long term stress produces changes that are _________

A

maladaptive

60
Q

another form of + beneficial stress that provides energy and motivation to achieve our goals =

A

eustress

61
Q

continuous experience of feeling overwhelmed, oppressed, no light at end of tunnel =

A

distress

62
Q

what are features of the adaptive immune response?

A

slower reaction, specific to antigen, specialised cells used to identify/destroy/remember antigens

63
Q

what are features of the innate immune response?

A

reacts quickly at point of entry, phagocytes (macrophages/neutrophils) engulf pathogens, triggers inflammation

64
Q

what produce physiological reactions that participate in the body’s inflammatory response?

A

stressors

65
Q

what type of stressors lead to improvements in immune function mainly in the innate response?

A

acute

66
Q

what type of stressors negative affect the adaptive response?

A

chronic

67
Q

what type of inflammatory responses help the body combat infections?

A

short term cytokine induced

68
Q

what being released long term is associated with a variety of adverse health consequences?

A

cytokines

69
Q

stressors produce an increase in blood levels of ______

A

cytokines

70
Q

what are cytokines?

A

peptide hormones

71
Q

sympathetic =

parasympathetic =

A

arousal, calming

72
Q

physiological and psychological response to demands =
emotional response to perceived/actual threat =
anticipatory response to unknown threat =

A

stress,
fear,
anxiety

73
Q

what are stress, fear and anxiety?

A

related emotional responses that prepare the body to react in response to a threat

74
Q

what are the main features of anxiety?

A

anticipatory, based on unknown threat

75
Q

when does stress become anxiety?

A

when stress is prolonged, the thoughts lead to the response not the actual stressor, feelings of worry to the stressor

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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