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neuro 2 > brain damage and neuroplasticity > Flashcards

brain damage and neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 different terms for brain damage?

A

brain damage, disease, injury (terms are not interchangeable but have strong physiological connections)

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2
Q

congenital brain injury =

A

genetic factors affecting neurodevelopment, prenatal/birth related trauma

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3
Q

acquired brain injury =

A

silly things we do to ourselves, can be traumatic or non-traumatic and closed vs open head

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4
Q

what range of non-traumatic head injury conditions are there?

A

stroke, infections, tumours, hypoxia/anoxia

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5
Q

what are the 2 main causes of a stroke?

A

cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral ischaemia

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6
Q

bleeding/leaking in the brain that often results from an aneurism =

A

cerebral haemorrhage

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7
Q

blockage of the brain =

A

cerebral ischaemia

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8
Q

why is blood leaking into the brain bad during a cerebral haemorrhage?

A

blood is toxic to neural tissue as it sucks the water/content out of cells

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9
Q

how can you prevent the bursting of an aneurism?

A

maintain low BP, avoid strenuous activity

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10
Q

how does cerebral ischaemia lead to excitotoxicity and neuronal cell death?

A

interruption of blood supply to part of brain due to blockage of blood vessel. this causes a lack of O2 and glucose to brain area so it dies

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11
Q

what is the treatment goal for cerebral ischaemia?

A

reopen blocked blood vessel

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12
Q

what causes blockage of blood vessels?

A

thrombus, embolism, atherosclerosis

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13
Q

tissue in surrounding region of brain that is salvageable from stroke =

A

penumbra

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14
Q

why is treating a stroke quickly vital?

A

because core tissue that is deprived of O2 is harder to save

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15
Q

what are some features of traumatic brain injury?

A

something sudden and bad happens, can be specific or widespread, directly or indirectly affect brain tissue by damaging the circulatory system, closed or open head

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16
Q

what is another name for traumatic head injury?

A

intracranial injury

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17
Q

what is the difference between closed and open head injury?

A

closed = no penetration to skull. open = skull doesn’t remain intact, object enters brain.

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18
Q

what protects the brain when forces are applied to the skull?

A

cerebrospinal fluid > cushions

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19
Q

what causes damage during an open head injury?

A

bone fragments damage brain tissue, bleeding, infection, swelling

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20
Q

what are some of the brain effects of ageing?

A

decline in cognitive function, structural and functional brain changes, reduction in brain tissue volume

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21
Q

powerful risk factor for many brain diseases =

A

ageing

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22
Q

each case has its own origins (no single cause) =

A

idiopathic disease

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23
Q

loss of single type of neuron in specific brain region, motor related symptoms, loss of dopamine NT = what neurodegenerative disease?

A

parkinson’s

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24
Q

how more common is Parkinson’s in men than women?

A

x2.5

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25
Q

what are some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A

movement insufficiency, bradykinesia (slow movements), akinesia = no movements, increased rigidity, resting tremor, shuffling gait, flexed posture, impaired balance

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26
Q

what causes Parkinson’s

A

lack of dopamine in nigrostriatal dopamine pathway within the basal ganglia, dopamine deficiency in the striatum

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27
Q

explain the frozen addicts story that helped researchers understand Parkinson’s disease

A

bad batch of heroin with by product MPTP. when in brain converted to neurotoxic MPP+ > kills dopamine cells in striatum. heroin users ended up with P.disease. MPTP specifically targets dopamine producing cells. magic bullet > used to recreate the disease > look at pathology, causality and treatments

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28
Q

what animals did MPTP have no effect on?

A

rats, cats, dogs (only non-human primates)

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29
Q

what causes Parkinson’s symptoms?

A

excessive output from basal ganglia

30
Q

what is the aim of parkinson’s treatment?

A

to stop the basal ganglia from being stuck on inhibition mode

31
Q

what are the different treatments for P.disease?

A

surgical intervention, replace lost dopamine, deep brain stimulation, replace lost DA cells

32
Q

what part of the basal ganglia is lesioned to reduce P.disease symptoms?

A

globus pallidus

33
Q

when replacing the lost dopamine to treat P.disease why can’t we just give dopamine?

A

doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier (have to increase precursors and agonists of dopamine)

34
Q

electrical stimulation of basal ganglia to inhibit input to control tremors an chronic movement disorders =

A

deep brain stimulation

35
Q

chronic persistant disorder of the mental health process caused by brain disease or injury, marked by memory disorders, personality changes and impaired reasoning =

A

dementia

36
Q

disease that causes dementia =

A

Alzheimer’s disease

37
Q

what is the incidence for Alzheimer’s:
__% over 65
__% over 85

A

10, 35

38
Q

what are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

memory loss, selective memory decline, attention deficits, personality changes

39
Q

what are the intermediate states of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

confusion, anxiety, irritability, depression

40
Q

what is the final stage of Alzheimer’s that makes it a progressive disease?

A

swallowing and bladder control

41
Q

what assessment is used for Alzheimer’s?

A

MMSE

42
Q

MMSE scores _____ with age

A

decrease

43
Q

what is the pathology of Alzheimer’s?

A

enlargement of fluid filled spaces, amyloid plaque deposition

44
Q

what are the plaques made of that cause Alzheimer’s?

A

aggregated lumps of amyloid proteins

45
Q

where do amyloid plaques come from?

A

amyloid precursor proteins sit across cell membranes > enzymes chop them up > sections of beta amyloid clump together > form plaques

46
Q

what are the 3 genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease?

A

excessive APP , apoE E4 allele, TAU

47
Q

on what chromosome is the amyloid precursor protein found?

A

chromosome 21

48
Q

if you have the gene for APP by what age will you develop AD pathology?

A

by 40 years old (early onset)

49
Q

there are 3 versions of alleles E2, E3, E4. the bad version E4 is involved in what?

A

transport of cholesterol

50
Q

MAPs =

A

Microtubule Associated Proteins

51
Q

what is the MAP that gets tangled up and is a genetic risk factor to Alzheimer’s?

A

Tau

52
Q

what is the main drug treatment for Alzheimer’s?

A

cholinesterase inhibitors

53
Q

what is cholinesterase and how do cholinesterase inhibitors work?

A

cholinesterase (Ache) = enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine and prevents it from further acting on neurons.
the inhibitor inhibits Ache to increase acetylcholine effect on neurons.

54
Q

what are common consequences of strokes?

A

amnesia, aphasia, paralysis, coma

55
Q

area of dead/dying tissue produced from a stroke =

A

infarct

56
Q

produces a thrombus blocking blood flow =

A

thrombosis

57
Q

produces an embolus that is carried from a larger vessel when formed to a smaller vessel where it becomes lodged =

A

embolism

58
Q

walls of blood vessels thicken and channels narrow and narrowing can eventually lead to complete blockage =

A

arteriosclerosis

59
Q

why is there little evidence of brain damage soon after a temporary cerebral ischaemic episode?

A

ischaemia induced brain damage takes a while to develop. substantial neuron loss can be detected 1/2 days later

60
Q

what area of the brain are neurons particularly susceptible to ischemia induced brain damage?

A

hippocampus

61
Q

what is released that kills neutrons during the ischemia induced cascade of events?

A

glutamate

62
Q

how does glutamate kill neurons?

A

blood vessel blocked > neurons affected by schema release excessive glutamate > it binds to NMDA receptors > trigger influx of calcium and sodium ions into postsynaptic neurons > influx kills them and triggers more release of glutamate > spreads toxic cascade

63
Q

closed head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system and produces internal haemorrhaging =

A

contusions

64
Q

what do contusions result in?

A

a hematoma

65
Q

localised collection of clotted blood in an organ/tissue (like a bruise) =

A

hematoma

66
Q

how do contusions occur?

A

when the brain slams against the inside of the skull causing blood to accumulate in the subdural space

67
Q

injuries that occur on the side of the brain opposite the side struck by the blow =

A

countrecoup

68
Q

what chemical alleviates symptoms of PD?

A

injections of L-dopa

69
Q

why is L-dopa not a permanent solution?

A

typically becomes less effective with continued use

70
Q

Alzheimer’s is ______ and _______

A

progressive, terminal

71
Q

what are the 3 defining characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, neuron loss

72
Q

animals into which genes of another species have been introduced =

A

transgenic

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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