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neuro 2 > depression and mood disorders > Flashcards

depression and mood disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cognitive symptoms for depression?

A

difficulty concentrating and making decisions

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2
Q

what are the behavioural symptoms for depression?

A

social withdrawal, agitation

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3
Q

what are the somatic (physical) symptoms for depression?

A

insomnia/hypersomnia, eating problems

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4
Q

what are the affective mood symptoms of depression

A

depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, guilt

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5
Q

triggered by a negative experience = ______ depression

A

reactive

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6
Q

no apparent negative life event, depression from within the person = ________ depression

A

endogenous

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7
Q

DSM-5 _____ exclude a major depressive episode after a bereavement

A

doesn’t (but lots of debates about whether it should be)

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8
Q

what is the incidence rate of unipolar affective disorder (depression)?

A

5-17%

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9
Q

depression with periods of mania with a 1% incidence rate =

A

bipolar affective disorder

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10
Q

in between period of feeling depressed and having mania =

A

hypomania

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11
Q

how to see if depression has a heritability component?

A

look at concordance rate of identical and non-identical twins

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12
Q

what would you expect to see with twin concordance rates if depression was completely genetic?

A

identical = 100%, non-identical = 50%

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13
Q

what are the actual concordance rates for depression

A

39% monozygotic, 27% dizgotic (fraternal)

suggests there is a genetic component but other factors involved

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14
Q

what is associated with a diagnosis of depression?

A

stressful life events

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15
Q

what is the concordance rate for bipolar?

A

identical = 92%!! fraternal = 23% (high heritability)

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16
Q

exam Q a study interviewed women with depression. what did they find?

A

people suffering were far more likely to have suffered stress in previous year (84%) compared to control that had lower stress percentage (32%)

17
Q

diathesis stress model:
diathesis =
stress =

A

genetic, environmental

interaction between a genetic predisposition and the environment

18
Q

risk factor genes + stress =

A

depressed

19
Q

risk factor genes + no stress =

A

not depressed

20
Q

no risk factor genes with or without stress results in depression or no depression?

A

no depression

21
Q

estimate of how much variance in some characteristic within some population is due to differences in heredity =

A

heritability

22
Q

what does heritability vary between?

A

0-1

23
Q

which is more heritable, bipolar disorder or unipolar depression?

A

bipolar

24
Q

how were antidepressant drugs discovered with luck

A

iproniazid (MAO inhibitor) was originally developed to treat TB but didn’t work except patients felt less depressed about having TB

25
Q

what are the 3 monoamine neurotransmitters linked to depression?

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, (adrenaline and noradrenaline) serotonin

26
Q

what is MAO?

A

an enzyme that breaks down monoamine Its in the synapse

27
Q

how are MAO inhibitors effective in treating depression?

A

stop it working so more NT in the neuron so more can be released

28
Q

how do tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine) and SSRIs (prozac) work?

A

block reuptake so leave more NT in the synapse

29
Q

how is Lithium used to treat bipolar disorder?

A

interferes with the second messenger system using into-cellular signalling pathways post synaptic membrane

30
Q

what is the evidence for the monamine theory of depression?

A

elevated receptors in depressed patients to compensate for low levels of transmission

31
Q

negative views of the word, future and oneself =

A

Beck’s cognitive triad

32
Q

study by Martin Seligman on learnt helplessness led to what model being developed?

A

attributional model

33
Q

described the study on dogs looking at learnt helplessness

A

dog placed in environment when they get shock to feet > jumps to area where no shock. then placed where can’t jump and learns to deal with pain. when placed back dog can escape but found to remain in shock area. idea of learning to be helpless

34
Q

what are the 3 dimensions of Seligman’s attributional model?

A

internal vs external, global vs specific, stable vs unstable

35
Q

people who become depressed tend to attribute negative life event to _____, _____, ______ causes

A

internal, stable, global

36
Q

used to change depressed patients cognitions and retrain them =

A

CBT

37
Q

are cognitive or pharmacological therapies better?

A

cognitive in the long term but are expensive, time consuming and require commitment

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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