depression and mood disorders

Question 1

what are the cognitive symptoms for depression?

Answer 1

difficulty concentrating and making decisions

Question 2

what are the behavioural symptoms for depression?

Answer 2

social withdrawal, agitation

Question 3

what are the somatic (physical) symptoms for depression?

Answer 3

insomnia/hypersomnia, eating problems

Question 4

what are the affective mood symptoms of depression

Answer 4

depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, guilt

Question 5

triggered by a negative experience = ______ depression

Answer 5

reactive

Question 6

no apparent negative life event, depression from within the person = ________ depression

Answer 6

endogenous

Question 7

DSM-5 _____ exclude a major depressive episode after a bereavement

Answer 7

doesn’t (but lots of debates about whether it should be)

Question 8

what is the incidence rate of unipolar affective disorder (depression)?

Answer 8

5-17%

Question 9

depression with periods of mania with a 1% incidence rate =

Answer 9

bipolar affective disorder

Question 10

in between period of feeling depressed and having mania =

Answer 10

hypomania

Question 11

how to see if depression has a heritability component?

Answer 11

look at concordance rate of identical and non-identical twins

Question 12

what would you expect to see with twin concordance rates if depression was completely genetic?

Answer 12

identical = 100%, non-identical = 50%

Question 13

what are the actual concordance rates for depression

Answer 13

39% monozygotic, 27% dizgotic (fraternal)

suggests there is a genetic component but other factors involved

Question 14

what is associated with a diagnosis of depression?

Answer 14

stressful life events

Question 15

what is the concordance rate for bipolar?

Answer 15

identical = 92%!! fraternal = 23% (high heritability)

Question 16

exam Q a study interviewed women with depression. what did they find?

Answer 16

people suffering were far more likely to have suffered stress in previous year (84%) compared to control that had lower stress percentage (32%)

Question 17

diathesis stress model:
diathesis =
stress =

Answer 17

genetic, environmental

interaction between a genetic predisposition and the environment

Question 18

risk factor genes + stress =

Answer 18

depressed

Question 19

risk factor genes + no stress =

Answer 19

not depressed

Question 20

no risk factor genes with or without stress results in depression or no depression?

Answer 20

no depression

Question 21

estimate of how much variance in some characteristic within some population is due to differences in heredity =

Answer 21

heritability

Question 22

what does heritability vary between?

Answer 22

0-1

Question 23

which is more heritable, bipolar disorder or unipolar depression?

Answer 23

bipolar

Question 24

how were antidepressant drugs discovered with luck

Answer 24

iproniazid (MAO inhibitor) was originally developed to treat TB but didn’t work except patients felt less depressed about having TB

Question 25

what are the 3 monoamine neurotransmitters linked to depression?

Answer 25

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, (adrenaline and noradrenaline) serotonin

Question 26

what is MAO?

Answer 26

an enzyme that breaks down monoamine Its in the synapse

Question 27

how are MAO inhibitors effective in treating depression?

Answer 27

stop it working so more NT in the neuron so more can be released

Question 28

how do tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine) and SSRIs (prozac) work?

Answer 28

block reuptake so leave more NT in the synapse

Question 29

how is Lithium used to treat bipolar disorder?

Answer 29

interferes with the second messenger system using into-cellular signalling pathways post synaptic membrane

Question 30

what is the evidence for the monamine theory of depression?

Answer 30

elevated receptors in depressed patients to compensate for low levels of transmission

Question 31

negative views of the word, future and oneself =

Answer 31

Beck's cognitive triad

Question 32

study by Martin Seligman on learnt helplessness led to what model being developed?

Answer 32

attributional model

Question 33

described the study on dogs looking at learnt helplessness

Answer 33

dog placed in environment when they get shock to feet > jumps to area where no shock. then placed where can't jump and learns to deal with pain. when placed back dog can escape but found to remain in shock area. idea of learning to be helpless

Question 34

what are the 3 dimensions of Seligman's attributional model?

Answer 34

internal vs external, global vs specific, stable vs unstable

Question 35

people who become depressed tend to attribute negative life event to _____, _____, ______ causes

Answer 35

internal, stable, global

Question 36

used to change depressed patients cognitions and retrain them =

Answer 36

CBT

Question 37

are cognitive or pharmacological therapies better?

Answer 37

cognitive in the long term but are expensive, time consuming and require commitment