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neuro 2 > development of the NS > Flashcards

development of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

egg begins to divide =

A

proliferation

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2
Q

day 4 =

A

morulation

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3
Q

morulation =

A

solid ball of 16 cells (morula) forms

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4
Q

day 5 =

A

blastulation

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5
Q

during blastulation, the cells divide into 2 groups to form a blastocyst. what are the groups?

A

inner cell mass (embryo) and trophoblast (placenta) > these cells secrete fluid to create a cavity

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6
Q

days 13-19 =

A

gastrulation

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7
Q

production of gastrula =

A

gastrulation

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8
Q

what happens during gastrulation?

A

blastocyst becomes more complex multi-layered embryo, primitive streak forms, cells go inwards to form 3 layers

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9
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cell?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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10
Q

what does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

produces NS

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11
Q

what does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

muscles, bones, connective tissue

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12
Q

what does the endoderm go on to form?

A

digestive system

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13
Q

day 20 =

A

neurulation (production of the neurula)

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14
Q

describe what happens during neurulation

A

uneven rate of cell division > neural groove becomes embryo midline, folding of neural plate, neural tube forms

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15
Q

when the neural tube bends what is this called?

A

cephalic flexure

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16
Q

at what stage does the cephalic flexure form?

A

3-4 weeks

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17
Q

bend occurs at intersection between spinal cord and brain =

A

cervical flexure

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18
Q

at what stage does the cervical flexure form?

A

week 5

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19
Q

what happens at week 5?

A

telenchephalic tube grows over rest of brain to form the cerebral cortex. as it travels it forms the temporal and occipital lobes and takes fluid filled core with it > becomes lateral ventricles

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20
Q

after week 9 what does the embryo become?

A

foetus

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21
Q

cells of the inner cell mass form 2 layers called?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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22
Q

what forms in the foetuses brain at 6 months?

A

early stage sulci and gyri of cerebral cortex, central sulcus, cerebral hemisphere, lateral fissure

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23
Q

at 9 months the baby’s brain is the same as what?

A

an adult brain

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24
Q

how does the neural tube become the brain?

A

channel between spinal cord and brain partially closes > production of liquid expands tissue > cells in different areas start to proliferate > fluid is pumped in and swells brain > creates pressure and differentiation of brain areas

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25
Q

what are the 4 processes in the development of neurons and glial cells?

A

gastrulation > neurulation > migration> differentiation

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26
Q

what is the chemical signal that cells in midline ectoderm receive during gastrulation?

A

noggin

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27
Q

what does the chemical noggin do?

A

forces notochord tissue to develop into neural precursor cells

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28
Q

what do neural stem cells divide into?

A

differentiated neurons (neuron, glial cells astrocyte, oligodendrocyte)

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29
Q

is proliferation of neural stem cells symmetrical or unsymmetrical?

A

symmetrical (each neural precursor cell divides EQUALLY)

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30
Q

as precursors divide they produce either a primitive neuron or a glial cell and another precursor = what process?

A

neurulation

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31
Q

primitive neuron = _____blast,

glial cell = ____blast

A

neuro, glio

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32
Q

neuroblast/glioblast migrate to the area of tissue that forms the developed brain = what process?

A

migration

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33
Q

what area of the tube are most neurons/glial cells produced in?

A

ventricular zone

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34
Q

how do neurons/glial cells migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate (destination)?

A

use processes to pull themselves up the tube to the developing bits of tissue

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35
Q

what helps neurons/glial cells move up the ventricular zone?

A

different chemicals > causes migration

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36
Q

what chemical is used to help glial cells migrate?

A

neureglulin

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37
Q

once reached target, need to decide what type of neuron/glial cell they will be and this is determined by local chemical interactions = what process?

A

differentiation

38
Q

how do axons guide their way to their final destination?

A

communicate with other adjacent neurons

39
Q

what do immature neurons initially produce?

A

number of small extensions called NEURITES

40
Q

after producing neurites, the neuron extends more processes out until eventually one of the processes becomes the ____ and the other processes become the ______

A

axon, dendrites

41
Q

what happens when the axon of a neuron has been specified?

A

it navigates to find its target (so do dendrites)

42
Q

what do growth cones consist of?

A

lamellipodia and filipodia

43
Q

lamellipodia =

A

sheet like expansion

44
Q

filopodia =

A

fine processes

45
Q

when an axon is produced, how does the axon find the final target cell to form a network?

A

growth cones act as guide!!! receptors in filipodia sense attractant or repellent cues in the environment

46
Q

what are the 2 types of agents that help navigate growth cones?

A

diffusible and non-diffusible

47
Q

chemoattractants and chemorepellents = ______ agents

A

diffusible

48
Q

contact attractants and contact repellents = ________ agents

A

non-diffusible

49
Q

what happens when the axons get to their target cell?

A

they are stabilised in that zone

50
Q

what chemical is secreted that stabilises axons and how does it work?

A

trophin > bonds the incoming axon to cell (synaptogenesis)

51
Q

passive cell death =

A

necrosis

52
Q

active cell death =

A

apoptosis

53
Q

if genetic programs for apoptotic cell death are blocked what is the consequence?

A

cancer

54
Q

if genetic programs are inappropriately activated what type of disease is caused?

A

neurodegenerative

55
Q

what triggers apoptosis in developing neurons?

A

some programmed for early death as have fulfilled their function, some die because don’t obtain life preserving chemicals that are supplied by targets

56
Q

what chemical are neurons in competition for to survive?

A

neurotrophins

57
Q

what is the role of neurotrophins?

A

promote growth, help neurons survive, axonal guidance, stimulate synaptogenesis

58
Q

neurons with incorrect connections are ____ likely to die

A

more

59
Q

what replaces the space left on postsynparic membranes when neurons die?

A

sprouting axon terminals of surviving neurons

60
Q

what does cell death result in?

A

synapse rearrangement

61
Q

what type of neuron play a role in synapse rearrangement?

A

microglia

62
Q

by what prenatal month have most neurons in the adult brain been created?

A

7th

63
Q

what are the reasons for the increase in brain volume between birth and adulthood?

A

synaptogenesis, myelination, dendritic branching

64
Q

what influences post natal brain growth?

A

interaction of biology and experience

65
Q

in the first 2 years of life are lots or not many connections made?

A

lots

66
Q

across first year there is a massive ______ of number of synapses

A

proliferation

67
Q

synapses die off as we get _____

A

older

68
Q

what is the order of brain areas that are myelinated during development?

A

first = sensory areas, second = motor areas (parallels functional development)

69
Q

what animals were used to study the visual system and plasticity?

A

monkeys and cats

70
Q

what is the main visual pathway in humans?

A

geniculostriate system

71
Q

stripes of neurons in visual cortex that have preferred respondence to input from one eye or the other =

A

ocular dominance columns

72
Q

black stripe = driven by ____ eye,

white stripe = driven by ____ eye

A

left, right

73
Q

same side =

A

ipsilateral

74
Q

other/opposite side =

A

contralateral

75
Q

what does monocular deprivation affect?

A

the width of ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex

76
Q

in a normal monkey, the width of ocular dominance columns are _____ size because of _____ preference

A

equal

77
Q

what were the changes in the monocular deprived monkey through its critical period?

A

narrow columns from deprived eye and wide columns from non-deprived eye, adapted tissue to the change in visual environment

78
Q

what is the critical period of a monkey?

A

first 6 months

79
Q

what was found when looking at cell preference distribution in the visual cortex of a kitten with a sutured eye in the critical period?

A

cells only respond to open eye, system wired so it ignores the inactive eye during development period

80
Q

what was the difference found with an adult cat eye being sutured compared to a kitten?

A

less change in preference which shows the critical period for wiring of the visual system is in the first 3 months in development

81
Q

give an example where neuroplasticity is not confided to the developmental period

A

london taxi drivers > bigger posterior hippocampi as involved with spatial learning and navigation > longer the taxi driver you are the bigger the hippocampus

82
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms by which neural connectivity remains plastic into adulthood?

A

axonal sprouting and adult neurogenesis

83
Q

what brain area is the last part of the human brain to reach maturity?

A

prefrontal cortex

84
Q

cell can develop into any class of cell =

A

totipotent

85
Q

cell an divide into many but not all classes =

A

pluripotent

86
Q

new cells can only develop into 1 class of cell =

A

multipotent

87
Q

only can develop into 1 type of cell =

A

unipotent

88
Q

what 2 brain regions still produces neurons/glial cells into adulthood?

A

olfactory bulb and hippocampus

89
Q

_______ provides the neuroblasts that then forms the neurons in the _________

A

hippocampus, olfactory bulb

90
Q

neuroblasts are produced in the area of the dendrite gyrus of the hippocampus called the?

A

sub granular zone

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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