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development of the NS Flashcards

1
Q

egg begins to divide =

A

proliferation

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2
Q

day 4 =

A

morulation

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3
Q

morulation =

A

solid ball of 16 cells (morula) forms

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4
Q

day 5 =

A

blastulation

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5
Q

during blastulation, the cells divide into 2 groups to form a blastocyst. what are the groups?

A

inner cell mass (embryo) and trophoblast (placenta) > these cells secrete fluid to create a cavity

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6
Q

days 13-19 =

A

gastrulation

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7
Q

production of gastrula =

A

gastrulation

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8
Q

what happens during gastrulation?

A

blastocyst becomes more complex multi-layered embryo, primitive streak forms, cells go inwards to form 3 layers

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9
Q

what are the 3 layers of the cell?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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10
Q

what does the ectoderm go on to form?

A

produces NS

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11
Q

what does the mesoderm go on to form?

A

muscles, bones, connective tissue

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12
Q

what does the endoderm go on to form?

A

digestive system

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13
Q

day 20 =

A

neurulation (production of the neurula)

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14
Q

describe what happens during neurulation

A

uneven rate of cell division > neural groove becomes embryo midline, folding of neural plate, neural tube forms

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15
Q

when the neural tube bends what is this called?

A

cephalic flexure

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16
Q

at what stage does the cephalic flexure form?

A

3-4 weeks

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17
Q

bend occurs at intersection between spinal cord and brain =

A

cervical flexure

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18
Q

at what stage does the cervical flexure form?

A

week 5

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19
Q

what happens at week 5?

A

telenchephalic tube grows over rest of brain to form the cerebral cortex. as it travels it forms the temporal and occipital lobes and takes fluid filled core with it > becomes lateral ventricles

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20
Q

after week 9 what does the embryo become?

A

foetus

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21
Q

cells of the inner cell mass form 2 layers called?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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22
Q

what forms in the foetuses brain at 6 months?

A

early stage sulci and gyri of cerebral cortex, central sulcus, cerebral hemisphere, lateral fissure

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23
Q

at 9 months the baby’s brain is the same as what?

A

an adult brain

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24
Q

how does the neural tube become the brain?

A

channel between spinal cord and brain partially closes > production of liquid expands tissue > cells in different areas start to proliferate > fluid is pumped in and swells brain > creates pressure and differentiation of brain areas

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25
what are the 4 processes in the development of neurons and glial cells?
gastrulation > neurulation > migration> differentiation
26
what is the chemical signal that cells in midline ectoderm receive during gastrulation?
noggin
27
what does the chemical noggin do?
forces notochord tissue to develop into neural precursor cells
28
what do neural stem cells divide into?
differentiated neurons (neuron, glial cells astrocyte, oligodendrocyte)
29
is proliferation of neural stem cells symmetrical or unsymmetrical?
symmetrical (each neural precursor cell divides EQUALLY)
30
as precursors divide they produce either a primitive neuron or a glial cell and another precursor = what process?
neurulation
31
primitive neuron = _____blast, | glial cell = ____blast
neuro, glio
32
neuroblast/glioblast migrate to the area of tissue that forms the developed brain = what process?
migration
33
what area of the tube are most neurons/glial cells produced in?
ventricular zone
34
how do neurons/glial cells migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate (destination)?
use processes to pull themselves up the tube to the developing bits of tissue
35
what helps neurons/glial cells move up the ventricular zone?
different chemicals > causes migration
36
what chemical is used to help glial cells migrate?
neureglulin
37
once reached target, need to decide what type of neuron/glial cell they will be and this is determined by local chemical interactions = what process?
differentiation
38
how do axons guide their way to their final destination?
communicate with other adjacent neurons
39
what do immature neurons initially produce?
number of small extensions called NEURITES
40
after producing neurites, the neuron extends more processes out until eventually one of the processes becomes the ____ and the other processes become the ______
axon, dendrites
41
what happens when the axon of a neuron has been specified?
it navigates to find its target (so do dendrites)
42
what do growth cones consist of?
lamellipodia and filipodia
43
lamellipodia =
sheet like expansion
44
filopodia =
fine processes
45
when an axon is produced, how does the axon find the final target cell to form a network?
growth cones act as guide!!! receptors in filipodia sense attractant or repellent cues in the environment
46
what are the 2 types of agents that help navigate growth cones?
diffusible and non-diffusible
47
chemoattractants and chemorepellents = ______ agents
diffusible
48
contact attractants and contact repellents = ________ agents
non-diffusible
49
what happens when the axons get to their target cell?
they are stabilised in that zone
50
what chemical is secreted that stabilises axons and how does it work?
trophin > bonds the incoming axon to cell (synaptogenesis)
51
passive cell death =
necrosis
52
active cell death =
apoptosis
53
if genetic programs for apoptotic cell death are blocked what is the consequence?
cancer
54
if genetic programs are inappropriately activated what type of disease is caused?
neurodegenerative
55
what triggers apoptosis in developing neurons?
some programmed for early death as have fulfilled their function, some die because don't obtain life preserving chemicals that are supplied by targets
56
what chemical are neurons in competition for to survive?
neurotrophins
57
what is the role of neurotrophins?
promote growth, help neurons survive, axonal guidance, stimulate synaptogenesis
58
neurons with incorrect connections are ____ likely to die
more
59
what replaces the space left on postsynparic membranes when neurons die?
sprouting axon terminals of surviving neurons
60
what does cell death result in?
synapse rearrangement
61
what type of neuron play a role in synapse rearrangement?
microglia
62
by what prenatal month have most neurons in the adult brain been created?
7th
63
what are the reasons for the increase in brain volume between birth and adulthood?
synaptogenesis, myelination, dendritic branching
64
what influences post natal brain growth?
interaction of biology and experience
65
in the first 2 years of life are lots or not many connections made?
lots
66
across first year there is a massive ______ of number of synapses
proliferation
67
synapses die off as we get _____
older
68
what is the order of brain areas that are myelinated during development?
first = sensory areas, second = motor areas (parallels functional development)
69
what animals were used to study the visual system and plasticity?
monkeys and cats
70
what is the main visual pathway in humans?
geniculostriate system
71
stripes of neurons in visual cortex that have preferred respondence to input from one eye or the other =
ocular dominance columns
72
black stripe = driven by ____ eye, | white stripe = driven by ____ eye
left, right
73
same side =
ipsilateral
74
other/opposite side =
contralateral
75
what does monocular deprivation affect?
the width of ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex
76
in a normal monkey, the width of ocular dominance columns are _____ size because of _____ preference
equal
77
what were the changes in the monocular deprived monkey through its critical period?
narrow columns from deprived eye and wide columns from non-deprived eye, adapted tissue to the change in visual environment
78
what is the critical period of a monkey?
first 6 months
79
what was found when looking at cell preference distribution in the visual cortex of a kitten with a sutured eye in the critical period?
cells only respond to open eye, system wired so it ignores the inactive eye during development period
80
what was the difference found with an adult cat eye being sutured compared to a kitten?
less change in preference which shows the critical period for wiring of the visual system is in the first 3 months in development
81
give an example where neuroplasticity is not confided to the developmental period
london taxi drivers > bigger posterior hippocampi as involved with spatial learning and navigation > longer the taxi driver you are the bigger the hippocampus
82
what are the 2 mechanisms by which neural connectivity remains plastic into adulthood?
axonal sprouting and adult neurogenesis
83
what brain area is the last part of the human brain to reach maturity?
prefrontal cortex
84
cell can develop into any class of cell =
totipotent
85
cell an divide into many but not all classes =
pluripotent
86
new cells can only develop into 1 class of cell =
multipotent
87
only can develop into 1 type of cell =
unipotent
88
what 2 brain regions still produces neurons/glial cells into adulthood?
olfactory bulb and hippocampus
89
_______ provides the neuroblasts that then forms the neurons in the _________
hippocampus, olfactory bulb
90
neuroblasts are produced in the area of the dendrite gyrus of the hippocampus called the?
sub granular zone

neuro 2 (13 decks)

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