Sleep, Dreaming, and the Circadian Rhythm Flashcards
Iyesha is participating in a sleep experiment. Currently, EEG recordings indicate periods of sleep dominated by low-voltage, fast waves similar to those in nonsleeping individuals. Simultaneously, ______ recordings are showing a loss of muscle activity in the neck, whereas _____ recordings reveal rapid eye movements.
A) Electromyogram (EMG); electrooculogram (EOG)
B) Electrooculogram (EOG); electromyogram (EMG)
C) Electromyogram (EEG); electrocardiogram (EKG)
D) Electrocardiogram (EKG); electrooculogram (EOG)
A) Electromyogram (EMG); electrooculogram (EOG)
Physiologically, during specific periods of a night’s sleep, _______ are accompanied by _______.
A) Rapid eye movements; increased activity of the neck muscles
B) Low-voltage, fast brain waves; a loss of activity in the neck muscles
C) Low-voltage, fast brain waves; increases activity in the neck muscles
D) high-voltage, slow brain waves; rapid eye movements
B) Low-voltage, fast brain waves; a loss of activity in the neck muscles
Stage 3 EEG (NREM 3) sleep is characterized by:
A) lower frequency waves that in stage 1 EEG
B) sleep spindles
C) K-complexes
D) Higher frequency waves than in the stage 1 EEG
A) lower frequency waves that in stage 1 EEG
Stage 3 sleep is to stage 2 sleep as ______ are to _____.
A) Alpha waves; delta waves
B) K-complexes; sleep spindles
C) Sleep spindles; delta waves
D) Delta waves; k-complexes
D) Delta waves; k-complexes
Rapid eye movements (REMs) and a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core occur in _____ EEG.
A) Stage 3
B) Initial Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Emergent Stage 1
D) Emergent Stage 1
Which of these observations provided the first evidence for an association between REM sleep and dreaming?
A) Kleitman et al found that 80% of awakenings from REM sleep but only 7% of awakenings from NREM sleep, led to dream recall
B) Antidepressants greatly reduce or abolish REM sleep without affecting aspects of dream recall
C) Dreaming is much more prevalent during NREM than first assumed
D) Cortical lesions can abolish dreaming without affecting REM sleep
A) Kleitman et al found that 80% of awakenings from REM sleep but only 7% of awakenings from NREM sleep, led to dream recall
Which of these beliefs about dreaming was found to be correct?
A) Sleeptalking usually occurs during REM sleep
B) Sleepwalking occurs during REM sleep
C) Most dreams last only an instant
D) External stimuli can become incorporated into dreams
D) External stimuli can become incorporated into dreams
The text’s discussion suggests that lucid dreaming is:
A) A myth
B) Rare
C) Common
D) Ubiquitous
B) Rare
The essence of the _______________________ hypothesis is that the information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex’s effort to make sense of those random signals.
A) Cortical interpretation
B) Random-signal
C) Activation-synthesis
D) Unconscious processing
C) Activation-synthesis
According to the _____ theory of dreaming, we dream to simulate potentially threatening events.
A) Freudian
B) Evolutionary
C) Protoconsciousness
D) Activation-Synthesis
B) Evolutionary
The essence of ________________________ theories of sleep is that being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in some way and sleep is required to restore it.
A) Circadian
B) Homeostatic
C) Recuperation
D) Adaption
C) Recuperation
Adaptation theories of sleep focus more on _____________ than on __________________.
A) When we sleep; the function of sleep
B) The function of sleep; the purpose of dreaming
C) The function of sleep; when we sleep
D) When we sleep; the interpretation of dreams
A) When we sleep; the function of sleep
Sleep has been studied in only a small number of species, but the evidence so far suggests that the sleep of most _____________ is like the sleep of most mammals.
A) Birds
B) Reptiles
C) Insects
D) Amphibians
A) Birds
Some _______________ sleep with only half of their brain at a time.
A) Marine mammals
B) Insects
C) Amphibians
D) Birds
A) Marine mammals
One major conclusion that has been reached through the comparative investigation of sleep is that:
A) Sleep helps animals reprogram their complex brains, and it permits some kind of emotional release to maintain mental health
B) Sleep may be essential for survival, but it does not appear to be needed in large quantities
C) The daily sleep time of each species is related to how fast the animal moves
D) The primary function of sleep is special, higher-order cognitive function
B) Sleep may be essential for survival, but it does not appear to be needed in large quantities
Researchers in the Sleep Study Laboratory at State University are conducting a study of the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance. In this study, stress is MOST likely a(n) ______ variable.
A) Dependent
B) Independent
C) Control
D) Confounding
D) Confounding
After the fourth night, the effects of sleep deprivation on student volunteers in laboratory studies ______, ______ the recuperation theory of sleep.
A) Plateaued; affirming
B) Worsened; affirming
C) Plateaued; contradicting
D) Worsened; contradicting
C) Plateaued; contradicting
If one sleeps 3 to 4 hours less for one night, one is LEAST likely to be:
A) Illogical
B) Unhappy
C) Distracted
D) Sleepy
A) Illogical
Following REM deprivation, people:
A) Spend more time in REM sleep, but don’t initiate REM sleep more often
B) Initiate REM sleep more often, but don’t spend more time in REM sleep overall
C) Neither spend more time in REM sleep, nor initiate REM sleep more often
D) Not only spend more time in REM sleep, but also initiate REM sleep more often
D) Not only spend more time in REM sleep, but also initiate REM sleep more often
According to the _______ theory, REM sleep is more adaptive than wakefulness when there are no immediate bodily needs.
A) REM adaption
B) Recuperation
C) Adaptation
D) Default
D) Default
Circadian rhythms in constant environments are said to be ________________, and their duration is called the _________________.
A) Free-running periods; free-running duration
B) Free-running periods; zeitgeber
C) Unstable; free-running duration
D) Free-running rhythms; free-running period
D) Free-running rhythms; free-running period
After working the “second shift” from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m., Mariah begins working “graveyards” from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. The day of Mariah’s first night shift, Mariah’s friend Minnie flies from San Francisco to Paris. When she arrives in Paris, it is 5 p.m. PDT by Minnie’s wristwatch, but 1 a.m. local Paris time. Of the two friends, _______ will have the MOST difficulty adjusting, because she is experiencing a phase ______ in her circadian rhythms.
A) Minnie; advance
B) Minnie; delay
C) Mariah; advance
D) Mariah; delay
A) Minnie; advance
Specific lesions of the __________________________ have been shown to disrupt various circadian cycles.
A) Basal forebrain
B) Posterior hypothalamus
C) Prefrontal cortex
D) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the medial hypothalamus
D) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the medial hypothalamus
The retinohypothalamic tracts leave the optic chiasm and project to the adjacent:
A) Posterior hypothalamus
B) Olfactory bulb
C) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
D) Orbitofrontal cortex
C) Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
The first mammalian circadian gene to be identified was ______. The first mammalian circadian gene to have its molecular structure described was ______.
A) Clock; clock as well
B) Clock; tau
C) Tau; tau as well
D) Tau; clock
D) Tau; clock
___________ means lasting about 1 day:
A) Circadian
B) Canadian
C) Effective
D) Affective
A) Circadian
Free-running rhythms are those that occur in environments devoid of ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_________________.
A) Heinburgers
B) Zeitgebers
C) Hamburgers
B) Zeitgebers
The major circadian clock seems to be located in the _____________ nuclei of the hypothalamus.
A) Suprachiasmatic
B) Posterior
C) Anterior
D) Medial
A) Suprachiasmatic
Patients with damage to the ____________ hypothalamus and adjacent areas of the midbrain often causes difficulty sleeping.
A) Posterior
B) Anterior
C) Medial
D) Caudal
B) Anterior
Patients with damage to the ____________ hypothalamus and adjacent areas of the midbrain often causes excessive sleepiness.
A) Posterior
B) Anterior
C) Medial
D) Caudal
A) Posterior
In Bremer’s famous study, cats with a ¬_____________ preparation displayed an EEG characteristic of continuous slow wave sleep.
A) Cerveau isole
B) Superior colliculi
C) Inferior colliculi
A) Cerveau isole
The indices of REM sleep are controlled by a variety of nuclei located in the caudal _____________.
A) Reticular formation
B) Perpendicular formation
C) Asymmetric formation
A) Reticular formation
Baron Constantin von Economo discovered the involvement of the posterior hypothalamus and the anterior hypothalamus in human ____________ and _____________, respectively.
A) Sleep disorders; REM sleep
B) Sleep; wakefulness
C) Wakefulness; sleep
D) Slow wave sleep; REM sleep
C) Wakefulness; sleep
Severing the brain stem between the inferior colliculi and superior colliculi is called a(n) _____________ preparation.
A) Encephale isole
B) Midcollicular
C) Tectal
D) Cerveau isole
D) Cerveau isole
Electrical stimulation of the _______________ in sleeping cats awakened them and produced a lengthy period of EEG desynchronization.
A) Superior colliculi
B) Reticular formation
C) Posterior hypothalamus
D) Anterior hypothalamus
B) Reticular formation
REM sleep is controlled by a variety of nuclei scattered throughout the:
A) Inferior colliculus
B) Anterior hypothalamus
C) Caudal reticular formation
D) Superior colliculus
C) Caudal reticular formation
REM sleep occurs only when:
A) One particular nucleus in the caudal reticular formation becomes active
B) The anterior and posterior hypothalamus are simultaneously active
C) A network of independent structures becomes active together
D) Certain forebrain nuclei become active together
C) A network of independent structures becomes active together
Benzodiazepines (e.g., valium) were developed and tested for the treatment of:
A) Schizophrenia
B) Depression
C) Anxiety
D) Bipolar disorders
C) Anxiety
Like the benzodiazepines, the imidazopyridines are also:
A) GABAA agonists
B) Dopamine agonists
C) Serotonin agonists
D) Serotonin antagonists
A) GABAA agonists
Cocaine-derived stimulants, amphetamine-derived stimulants, and tricyclic antidepressants seem to promote wakefulness by boosting the activity of:
A) Catecholamines
B) Anandamides
C) Indolamines
D) Hydrazines
A) Catecholamines
_______________ is a hormone synthesized from the neurotransmitter serotonin in the ________________ gland.
A) GABA; pineal
B) Estradiol; pituitary
C) Testosterone; pituitary
D) Melatonin; pineal
D) Melatonin; pineal
Melatonin is considered to be a:
A) Chronobiotic
B) Catecholamine
C) Derivative of dopamine
D) Stimulant
A) Chronobiotic
