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Brain and Behaviour II > Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity Flashcards

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1
Q

All meningiomas are:
A.
metastatic.
B.
encapsulated.
C.
infiltrating.
D.
penumbras.

A

B.
encapsulated.

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2
Q

A cerebral hemorrhage is a type of:
A.
bacterial infection of the brain.
B.
tumor.
C.
viral infection of the brain.
D.
stroke.

A

D.
stroke.

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3
Q

Ava was in a car accident and banged the front of her head on the dashboard. An MRI revealed a ___________ to her occipital lobes.
A.
concussion
B.
contrecoup injury
C.
stroke
D.
tumor

A

B.
contrecoup injury

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4
Q

Inflammation resulting from an infection of the brain is called:
A.
hydrocephalus.
B.
a thrombosis.
C.
an embolism.
D.
encephalitis.

A

D.
encephalitis.

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5
Q

Tardive dyskinesia is caused by:
A.
overuse of benzodiazepines.
B.
long-term use of certain antipsychotic medications.
C.
lead consumption.
D.
chronic use of certain anti-inflammatory medications.

A

B.
long-term use of certain antipsychotic medications.

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6
Q

The two major categories of epileptic seizures are __________ and ________.
A) Focal, simple
B) Complex, simple
C) Focal, generalized
D) Generalized, Complex

A

C) Focal, generalized

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7
Q

__________ are simple repetitive responses that occur during complex seizures.
A) Focalisms
B) Automatisms
C) Tremors
D) Tics

A

B) Automatisms

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8
Q

The disorder characterized by tremor at rest is ________ Disease.
A) Parkinson’s
B) Huntington’s
C) Multiple Sclerosis
D) Alzheimer’s

A

A) Parkinson’s

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9
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with degeneration in the ________ dopamine pathway.
A) Sumostriatal
B) Hypothalamus
C) Dopaminergic
D) Nigrostriatal

A

D) Nigrostriatal

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10
Q

________ Disease is passed from generation to generation by a single dominant gene.
A) Huntington’s
B) MS
C) Alzheimer’s
D) Parkinson’s

A

A) Huntington’s

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11
Q

The most common cause of dementia is _______ disease.
A) Multiple Sclerosis
B) Huntington’s
C) Alzheimer’s
D) Parkinson’s

A

C) Alzheimer’s

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12
Q

Two major neuropathological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease are __________ and __________
A) Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
B) Automatisms and memory loss
C) Memory loss and Amyloid plaques

A

A) Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques

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13
Q

A simple partial seizure is a type of:
A. temporal lobe epilepsy.
B. absence seizure.
C. generalized seizure.
D. focal seizure.

A

D. focal seizure.

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14
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with widespread degeneration but it is particularly severe in the:
A) Inferior colliculus
B) Hippocampus
C) Substantia Nigra
D) Amygdala

A

C) Substantia Nigra

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15
Q

Huntington’s disease is passed from generation to generation by a single mutated dominant gene, called:
A) Beta-amyloid
B) Trisomy 21
C) IAHSP
D) Huntintin

A

D) Huntintin

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16
Q

Multiple sclerosis is often considered to be a(n) ____________ disorder.
A) Benign
B) Autoimmune
C) Psychiatric
D) Nonprogressive

A

B) Autoimmune

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17
Q

One of the defining characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease is:
A) The miscoding of a gene involved in elastic production
B) A buildup of scar tissue in the CNS
C) An accumulation of Lewy bodies
D) The presence of neurofibrillary tangles

A

D) The presence of neurofibrillary tangles

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18
Q

The progressive development and intensification of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulations is called:
A) Epilepsy
B) The MPTP model
C) The kindling phenomenon
D) Temporal Lobe epilepsy

A

C) The kindling phenomenon

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19
Q

The neuroplastic changes underlying kindling:
A) Are transitory
B) Abate after several months of no electrical stimulation
C) Are relatively permanent
D) Can be intermittent

A

C) Are relatively permanent

20
Q

The kindling phenomenon is comparable to the ________ that can follow a head injury.
A) Demyelination
B) Stroke
C) Contrecoup
D) Epileptogenesis

A

D) Epileptogenesis

21
Q

Bradykinesia and seborrhea are medical terms for:
A) Slowness of movement; oily skin
B) Tremors; small handwriting
C) Slowness of movement; tremors

A

A) Slowness of movement; oily skin

22
Q

_____________ react to MPTP in much the same way that humans do.
A) Nonhuman primates
B) Mice
C) Rats
D) Pigeons

A

A) Nonhuman primates

23
Q

Following axotomy, two kinds of neural degeneration ensue:
A) Kindling and epileptogenesis
B) Cerebral ischemia and cerebral hemorrhage
C) Retrograde degeneration and anterograde degeneration

A

C) Retrograde degeneration and anterograde degeneration

24
Q

When an axon degenerates, axon branches grow out from the adjacent healthy axons and synapse at the sites vacated by the degenerating axon. This is called:
A) Axonal branch splitting
B) Synaptic facilitation
C) Collateral sprouting
D) Synapse filling

A

C) Collateral sprouting

25
Q

In monkeys whose contralateral arm sensory neurons had been cut 10 years earlier, researchers found that the cortical face representation had systematically expanded into the:
A) Adjoining tongue area of the primary somatosensory cortex
B) Original arm area of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

B) Original arm area of the primary somatosensory cortex

26
Q

Humans lacking visual input to the cortex develop more ____________ cortex.
A) Motor
B) Visual and motor
C) Visual
D) Auditory and somatosensory

A

D) Auditory and somatosensory

27
Q

In adult laboratory animals, brain damage has been shown to:
A) Trigger the migration of stem cells but only into nearby damaged areas
B) Trigger the migration of stem cells into all damaged areas
C) Increase neural connections in the sensory cortex

A

A) Trigger the migration of stem cells but only into nearby damaged areas

28
Q

In the one large-scale study of the effectiveness of neurotransplantation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, the initial results were encouraging; however, after about a year, some of the patients:
A) Developed Alzheimer’s
B) Started to be unable to speak
C) Displayed severe L-dopa withdrawal symptoms
D) Began to display uncontrollable writhing and chewing movements

A

D) Began to display uncontrollable writhing and chewing movements

29
Q

__________________ was shown to reduce both the loss of hippocampal neurons and deficits in Morris water maze performance caused by experimental cerebral ischemia.
A) A second ischemic episode
B) A cholinergic agonist
C) A necrosis suppressing factor
D) An apoptosis inhibitor protein

A

D) An apoptosis inhibitor protein

30
Q

_______________ is a treatment for patients who have lost function in one of their arms following stroke.
A) Mirror-box therapy
B) Suppression therapy
C) Constraint-induced therapy
D) Counter-productive therapy

A

C) Constraint-induced therapy

31
Q

Shamar suffered a spinal injury that left him unable to walk. He learns of an innovative therapy in which he would be suspended over a moving treadmill while he gradually develops the ability to make walking motions. Whereas 50 percent of those with Shamar’s type of injury ultimately become independent walkers when treated with conventional physiotherapy, _____ percent of those treated with the innovative therapy do so.
A) 60
B) 75
C) 90
D) 100

A

C) 90

32
Q

Whereas about half of those who lose a limb experience phantom limb sensations, _____ of those born without a limb experience such sensations.
A) Most
B) A sizeable minority
C) None
D) Few

A

B) A sizeable minority

33
Q

Valentina has been diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. Her doctor notes that it is the most common type of brain tumor and that it is growing quite quickly. Valentina has MOST likely been diagnosed with a(n):
A) Glioma
B) Meningioma
C) Encapsulated tumor
D) Metastic tumor

A

A) Glioma

34
Q

Strokes may be caused when there is bleeding in the brain or when blood flow in the brain is blocked. This statement refers to cerebral _____ and cerebral _____, respectively.
A) Ischemia; hemorrhage
B) Penumbra; ischemia
C) Hemorrhage; infarct
D) Hemorrhage; ischemia

A

D) Hemorrhage; ischemia

35
Q

With respect to the major types of brain infection:
A) Syphilis is a bacterial infection, and rabies is a viral infection
B) Syphilis and rabies are both viral infections
C) Syphilis and rabies are both bacterial infections

A

A) Syphilis is a bacterial infection, and rabies is a viral infection

36
Q

Tardive dyskinesia is often caused by chronic:
A) Use of antipsychotic drugs
B) Exposure to mercury
C) Abuse of alcohol
D) Exposure to lead

A

A) Use of antipsychotic drugs

37
Q

The genetic accident that causes Down syndrome occurs in the:
A) Mother during birth
B) Mother in the first trimester
C) Father during sex
D) Mother during ovulation

A

D) Mother during ovulation

38
Q

Apoptosis is:
A) Necrotic cell death
B) Programmed cell death
C) Passive cell death resulting from injury
D) Division of cells caused by neurotransplantation

A

B) Programmed cell death

39
Q

Hypoxia is one dangerous effect of:
A) Psychomotor attacks
B) Tonic-clonic convulsion
C) Absence seizures
D) Complex partial seizures

A

B) Tonic-clonic convulsion

40
Q

A 3-per-second spike-and-wave discharge is a sign of:
A) An absence seizure
B) Hypoxia
C) Complex partial seizure
D) A clonic-tonic seizure

A

A) An absence seizure

41
Q

Tremor that is most pronounced during inactivity is a symptom of:
A) Huntington’s
B) MS
C) Parkinson’s
D) Epilepsy

A

C) Parkinson’s

42
Q

Degeneration of the substantia nigra is often associated with:
A) Huntington’s
B) MS
C) Parkinson’s
D) Epilepsy

A

C) Parkinson’s

43
Q

The MPTP model is an animal model of:
A) Huntington’s
B) MS
C) Parkinson’s
D) Epilepsy

A

C) Parkinson’s

44
Q

After axotomy, the degeneration of the proximal segment is referred to as “______________ degeneration.”
A) Retrograde
B) Anterograde
C) Transneuronal
D) Distal

A

A) Retrograde

45
Q

In the PNS but not the CNS, axons are myelinated by:
A) Microglia
B) Astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) Oligodendroglia

A

C) Schwann cells

46
Q

The finding that physicians and neuroscientists tend to display more improvement after brain injury has been attributed to their:
A) Cognitive reserve
B) Greater capacity for regeneration
C) Genes dedicated to recovery
D) Better diet

A

A) Cognitive reserve

47
Q

Which phrase BEST describes the current status of neurotransplantation as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
A) Neurotransplantation is starting to reduce the number of serious cases
B) Neurotransplantation is no longer use as result of its early failures
C) There is some evidence that it is effective, but this is largely unproven and needs additional research

A

C) There is some evidence that it is effective, but this is largely unproven and needs additional research

Brain and Behaviour II (9 decks)

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