Drug Addiction and the Brain's Reward Circuits Flashcards

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1
Q

The main advantages of the oral route of drug administration over other routes are its:
A) Ease and relative safety
B) Slower rate of absorption
C) Tendency to carry less stigma and be more socially acceptable
D) Functional advantages

A

A) Ease and relative safety

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2
Q

The MOST dangerous route of drug administration is:
A) Inhalation
B) Intravenous
C) Absorption through mucous membranes
D) Oral ingestion

A

B) Intravenous

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3
Q

Drug tolerance is of two different types: metabolic and ______.
A) Psychoactive
B) Cross
C) Functional
D) Subcutaneous

A

C) Functional

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4
Q

An individual who displays a withdrawal syndrome when their intake of a drug is curtailed is said to be ________ that drug.
A) Psychologically dependent on
B) Sensitized to
C) Cross tolerant to
D) Physically dependent on

A

D) Physically dependent on

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5
Q

Penny has been sentenced to one year of probation. She quits using cocaine because she is drug-tested randomly. If Penny is like MOST people who are addicted to drugs, Penny _____ resume her drug use when she has completed her sentence because the ______-producing effects of cocaine are the primary drivers of her addiction.
A) Will; physical dependence
B) Will; pleasure
C) Will not; pleasure
D) Will not; physical dependance

A

B) Will; pleasure

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6
Q

The before-and-after study is designed to study:
A) Conditioned drug tolerance
B) Contingent drug tolerance

A

B) Contingent drug tolerance

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7
Q

__________________________ tolerance refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced.
A) Conditioned drug
B) Exteroceptive
C) Conditioned compensatory
D) Contingent drug

A

D) Contingent drug

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8
Q

The fact that drug tolerance is often ___________________ suggests that Pavlovian conditioning plays a role in addiction.
A) Metabolic
B) Present in drug users
C) Situationally specific
D) Present in drug addicts

A

C) Situationally specific

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9
Q

According to Ramsay and Woods (1997), the unconditional stimulus in a drug tolerance experiment is
A) The drug
B) The environment
C) The needle
D) The disruption of neural functioning that has been directly produced by the drug

A

D) The disruption of neural functioning that has been directly produced by the drug

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10
Q

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between drug tolerance and drug sensitization?
A) Drug sensitization is a similar effect to drug tolerance
B) Drug sensitization is the opposite of drug tolerance
C) Drug sensitization is a more intense effect that drug tolerance is

A

B) Drug sensitization is the opposite of drug tolerance

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11
Q

_____________ disease provides a compelling illustration of nicotine’s addictive power.
A) Buerger’s
B) Barnes’
C) Pinel’s
D) Siegel’s

A

A) Buerger’s

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12
Q

In its advanced stages, Korsakoff’s syndrome is associated with:
A) Tachycardia
B) Severe dementia
C) Buerger’s disease
D) Delirium tremens

A

B) Severe dementia

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13
Q

CB1 is:
A) A cannabinoid receptor
B) A cholinergic receptor
C) A teratogen
D) A dopamine transporter

A

A) A cannabinoid receptoR

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14
Q

During a cocaine spree, individuals who are addicted to the drug tend to experience:
A) An overwhelming increase in appetite
B) The need for higher doses to achieve a euphoric state
C) Amplified feelings of empathy
D) A significantly decreased sense of well-being

A

B) The need for higher doses to achieve a euphoric state

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15
Q

Morphine and codeine are constituents of:
A) Cocaine
B) Heroin
C) Opium
D) Amphetamine

A

C) Opium

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16
Q

Drugs that affect the nervous system and behaviour are called ___________ drugs.

A

Psychoactive.

17
Q

The most dangerous route of drug administration is __________ injection.

A

IV

18
Q

Drug tolerance is of two different types: metabolic and ___________.

A

Functional

19
Q

Many animals will administer brief bursts of weak electrical stimulation to specific sites in their own brains. This phenomenon is known as:
A) Intracranial self-stimulation
B) Shock self-administration
C) Kindling
D) Mesotelecephalic stimulation

A

A) Intracranial self-stimulation

20
Q

The fact that laboratory animals are drug-free when entering the conditioned place-preference paradigm is an advantage of the method because:
A) They can more readily self-administer the drugs
B) It focuses on drugs to which only animals become addicted
C) The incentive value of a drug is not confounded by its other behavioural effects

A

C) The incentive value of a drug is not confounded by its other behavioural effects

21
Q

Degeneration in which of the following components of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system is associated with Parkinson’s disease?
A) Mesoscorticolimbic pathway
B) Ventral tegmental area
C) Nucleus accumbens
D) Nigrostriatal pathway

A

D) Nigrostriatal pathway

22
Q

Evidence that dopamine plays an important role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and natural reinforcers includes the finding that:
A) Dopamine antagonists reduce apparent pleasure
B) Dopamine agonists block the self-administration of several sorts of addictive drugs
C) Dopamine agonists reduce apparent reward value
D) Dopamine antagonists reduce the reinforcing effects of food

A

D) Dopamine antagonists reduce the reinforcing effects of food

23
Q

Which would be a factor in initial drug taking from an instrumental point of view?
A) Drug craving
B) Alleviating Stress
C) Social Interaction
D) Novelty Seeking

A

B) Alleviating Stress

24
Q

The incentive-sensitization theory states that the positive-incentive value of addictive drugs ______ with repeated drug use in ______ individuals.
A) Decreases; addiction resistant
B) Decreases; addiction prone
C) Increases; addiction resistant
D) Increases; addiction prone

A

D) Increases; addiction prone

25
Q

Shortly after cocaine withdrawal, a drug-associated cue elicits few presses to a lever that had always delivered drug before withdrawal. However, as time passes, there is a gradual increase in lever pressing in response to presentations of a drug-associated cue. This phenomenon is known as:
A) Positive incentive sensitization
B) The incubation of drug craving
C) Drug resistance
D) Incentive sensitization

A

B) The incubation of drug craving

26
Q

Using more naturalistic housing and testing conditions has what effect on the results of the drug self-administration paradigm that raises concerns about the method?
A) Reduced self-administration
B) Combined self-administration and other self-stimulating behaviours
C) Death of the subject
D) Significantly increased self-administration

A

A) Reduced self-administration

27
Q

Most drug self-administration studies have been conducted using:
A) CNS depressants
B) Hallucinogens
C) Stimulants
D) Barbiturates

A

C) Stimulants

28
Q

Smoker’s syndrome includes which symptom
A) Convulsions
B) Tremor at rest
C) Labored breathing
D) Itchy scalp

A

C) Labored breathing

29
Q

Drug _______ is an affective state in which there is a strong desire for a particular drug.
A) Withdrawal
B) Craving
C) Addiction
D) Tolerance

A

B) Craving

30
Q

The __________ phase of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome begins 10 to 30 hours after cessation of drinking and is characterized by hyperactivity, insomnia, and hallucinations.
A) Second
B) Third
C) Fourth
D) First

A

A) Second

31
Q

Convulsions and hyperthermia are symptoms of withdrawal from:
A) Nicotine
B) Alcohol
C) Tobacco
D) Cocaine

A

B) Alcohol

32
Q

Delirium tremens occurs during which stage of a full-blown alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
A) Stage 4
B) Hangover
C) Stage 2
D) Tolerance

A

A) Stage 4

33
Q

Brain damage and delayed growth in children are symptoms of:
A) Buerger’s disease
B) Fetal alcohol syndrome
C) Opioid withdrawal
D) Drug sensitization

A

B) Fetal alcohol syndrome

34
Q

One of the most widely publicized findings about alcohol is that moderate drinking reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. However, in subsequent meta-analyses that included only those studies that used an abstainers control group consisting of _________________, this conclusion was shown to be incorrect.
A) Wine drinkers
B) People who have never consumed alcohol
C) Nonabstainers
D) Beer drinkers

A

B) People who have never consumed alcohol

35
Q

Psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy are known as:
A) Coumarins
B) Leprostatics
C) Empathogens
D) Echinocandins

A

C) Empathogens

36
Q

In the telencephalon, a site in the prefrontal cortex called the ______ is especially strongly implicated in the experience of reward and pleasure.
A) Nucleus accumbens
B) Dorsal striatum
C) Reticular activating system
D) Amygdala

A

A) Nucleus accumbens