Hunger, Eating, and Health Flashcards
Much of the work of breaking down the food we ingest is done by our:
A) Teeth
B) Esophagus
C) Stomach
D) Gut microbiome
D) Gut microbiome
Most of the body’s energy reserves are stored as:
A) Protein
B) Fats
C) Pepsin
D) Glycogen
B) Fats
The two pancreatic hormones that control the flow of energy during the three phases of energy metabolism are:
A) Insulin and glucagon
B) Inhibin and Glucagon
C) Thyroxine and insulin
D) Glucagon and secretin
A) Insulin and glucagon
The _________________ phase is the preparatory phase; it often begins with the sight, smell, or even just the thought of food.
A) Absorptive
B) Fasting
C) Expulsion
D) Cephalic
D) Cephalic
In contrast to the cephalic and absorptive phases, the fasting phase is characterized by high blood levels of _____________ and low levels of ___________.
A) Insulin; pepsin
B) Pepsin; insulin
C) Insulin; glucagon
D) Glucagon; insulin
D) Glucagon; insulin
All set-point systems have three components: a set-point mechanism, a detector mechanism, and a(n) ___________ mechanism.
A) Stabilizing
B) Negative Feedback
C) Translating
D) Effector
D) Effector
Negative feedback systems are common in mammals because they act to maintain:
A) Homeostasis
B) Body temperature
C) Blood glucose levels
D) Body fat
A) Homeostasis
The glucostatic theory was thought to account for __________________, whereas the lipostatic theory was thought to account for _____________________.
A) Long term regulation; meal initiation and termination
B) Meal initiation and termination; long term regulation
C) Meal initiation; meal termination
D) Meal termination; meal initiation
B) Meal initiation and termination; long term regulation
Set-point theories of hunger and eating are limited because they consider only ____ influences on hunger and eating.
A) Learning
B) Evolutionary
C) Social
D) Physiological
D) Physiological
The anticipated pleasure of a behavior is called its:
A) Gratification value
B) Behavioral salience
C) Incentive salience
D) Positive incentive value
D) Positive incentive value
The primary function of the __________ is to serve as a storage reservoir for undigested food.
A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Stomach
D) Gallbladder
C) Stomach
Most of the absorption of nutrients into the body takes place through the wall of the ¬_________, or upper intestine.
A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Gallbladder
D) Duodenum
D) Duodenum
The phase of energy metabolism that is triggered by the expectation of food is the __________ phase.
A) Cephalic
B) Immune
C) Effector
D) Fasting
A) Cephalic
During the absorptive phase, the pancreas releases a great deal of ___________ into the bloodstream.
A) Insulin
B) Acetylcholine
C) Adrenaline
D) GABA
A) Insulin
During the fasting phase, the primary fuels of the body are _________.
A) Free fatty acids
B) Blood glucose
C) Insulin
D) Fats
A) Free fatty acids
During the fasting phase, the primary fuel of the brain is _________.
A) Glucose
B) Free fatty acids
C) Insulin
D) Fats
A) Glucose
The 3 components of all set point systems are set point mechanism, detector, and an ________.
A) Effector
B) Insulin injection
C) Tracker
A) Effector
The theory that hunger and satiety are regulated by the blood glucose set point is the ¬________ theory.
A) Glucostatic
B) Lipostatic
C) Immunostatic
D) Endostatic
A) Glucostatic
Evidence suggests that hunger is greatly influenced by the current ____________ value of food.
A) Caloric
B) Positive-incentive
C) Effector
B) Positive-incentive
Most people have a preference for foods that taste fatty, sweet and ________.
A) Bitter
B) Savory
C) Salty
D) Sour
C) Salty
There are 2 mechanisms by which we learn to eat diets containing essential vitamins and minerals. One mechanism for _________ and another mechanism for the rest.
A) Sodium
B) Fat
C) Sugar
A) Sodium
Satiety that is specific to the particular foods that produce it is called ¬_________ satiety.
A) Cephalic
B) Sensory
C) Sensory-specific
C) Sensory-specific
In the classic study by Harris et al. (1933), when thiamine-deficient rats were offered 10 new diets, only one of which contained the badly needed thiamine:
A) All developed a taste for the thiamine rich diet
B) None developed a taste for the thiamine rich diet
C) Few developed a taste for the thiamine rich diet
C) Few developed a taste for the thiamine rich diet
According to Woods, the key to understanding feelings of hunger is to appreciate that eating meals:
A) Often leads to a conditioned aversion
B) Satisfies the body
C) Stresses the body
D) Results in satiety
C) Stresses the body
In the classic study by Weingarten, the rats ____________ each time the buzzer and light were presented during the test phase.
A) Ate
B) Avoided the food
C) Exhibited conditioned fear
D) Vomited
A) Ate
In sham-eating experiments, food is chewed and swallowed by the subjects, but rather than passing down the esophagus into their stomachs, it goes directly:
A) Into the colon
B) Out of the body through a tube
C) Into the intestines
D) Into the bloodstream
B) Out of the body through a tube
Portion size is _________ correlated with the amount eaten.
A) Negatively
B) Positively
C) Perfectly
D) Not
B) Positively
Evidence suggests that the intention to start eating triggers a decline in blood glucose. Which observation supports this view?
A) Eliminating the premeal drop in blood glucose eliminates the meal
B) If an expected meal is not served, blood glucose rarely returns to its previous level
C) A rapid decline in blood glucose occurs just before eating commences
C) A rapid decline in blood glucose occurs just before eating commences
One phase of the syndrome that results from lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the _____ phase.
A) Dynamic
B) Cephalic
C) Absorptive
D) Homeostasis
A) Dynamic
Koopmans (1981) transplanted an extra stomach and length of intestine into rats and then joined the major arteries and veins of the implants to the recipients’ circulatory systems. He found that food injected into the transplanted stomach and kept there by a noose around the pyloric sphincter:
A) Increased eating in proportion to both its caloric content and volume
B) Decreased eating in proportion to both its caloric content and volume
C) Produced a conditioned taste aversion for the injected food
D) Did not affect eating
B) Decreased eating in proportion to both its caloric content and volume
_____ is considered to be a hunger peptide.
A) Neuropeptide Y
B) Glucagon
C) Somatostatin
D) Bombesin
A) Neuropeptide Y
In studies done in rats, serotonin:
A) increased the amount of food consumed during each meal rather than increasing the number of meals.
B) reduced the volume of food consumed during each meal by shifting food preferences toward fatty foods.
C) shifted food preferences toward fatty foods.
D) enabled rats to resist the powerful attraction of highly palatable cafeteria diets.
D) enabled rats to resist the powerful attraction of highly palatable cafeteria diets.
In the 1950’s the _______ hypothalamus was thought to be the Satiety center.
A) Ventromedial
B) Insulin
C) Blood glucose
D) Aphagia
A) Ventromedial
_________ is characterized by the complete cessation of eating.
A) Aphagia
B) Insulin
C) Glucose
A) Aphagia
__________ is the breakdwon of body fat to create usable forms of energy.
A) Lipolysis
B) Electrolysis
C) Liposuction
D) Electrosuction
A) Lipolysis
CCK is a gut peptide thought to be classified as a _________ peptide.
A) Hunger
B) Satiety
B) Satiety
___________ is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter that seems to play a role in satiety.
A) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Ephedrine
C) Serotonin
Okinawans eat less and live ___________.
A) Longer
B) Less
C) In pain
D) Without pain
A) Longer
As an individual gains more weight, further weight gain is minimized by diet-induced ____________.
A) Settling point
B) Set point
C) Thermogenesis
C) Thermogenesis
_____________ models are more consistent with the facts of body weight regulation than are set point models.
A) Settling point
B) Aphagia
C) Lipostatic
A) Settling point
__________ are to set point as leaky barrels are to settling points.
A) Restriction
B) Serotonin
C) Thermostats
D) Broomsticks
C) Thermostats
Average adult Okinawans were found to consume _________ percent _____ calories than other adult Japanese.
A) 20; more
B) 50; fewer
C) 50; more
D) 20; fewer
D) 20; fewer
There is no longer a logical imperative for set-point models that explain eating behavior among humans because:
A) the human brain is immutable and energy resources must be regulated.
B) maintaining homeostasis is necessary only for non-human mammals
C) the thermostat-regulated heating system analogy accurately reflects humans’ motivation to eat
D) the human brain is plastic and capable of considerable adaptation.
D) the human brain is plastic and capable of considerable adaptation.
The mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to its levels of body fat has been termed:
A) diet induced thermogenesis
B) body fat induced homeostasis
C) energy use induced homeostasis
D) fat induced thermogenesis
A) diet induced thermogenesis
The settling-point model predicts that when there is an enduring change in one of the parameters that affect body weight, body weight will
A) disrupt homeostasis
B) find a new set point
C) change precipitously
D) drift to a new settling point
D) drift to a new settling point
In the leaky-barrel model, the weight of the barrel on the hose is analogous to the strength of the
A) settling point
B) hunger signal
C) need to defecate
D) satiety signal
D) satiety signal
During the course of evolution, one of the main threats to human survival was ______________. Persons who stood the best chance of survival were those ____________.
A) inconsistent food supplies; who preferred high-calorie foods
B) animal predators; who were lean and could ambulate quickly
C) extreme cold; who were heavier and had a protective layer of body fat
D) the presence of vegetation that was toxic if eaten; who ate only meat
A) inconsistent food supplies; who preferred high-calorie foods
Some people eat more because they have larger ______________ responses to the sight or smell of food.
A) Cephalic phase
B) Gastric phase
C) Absorptive phase
D) Fasting phase
A) Cephalic phase
Activities such as fidgeting and the maintenance of posture and muscle tone collectively lead to what is known as:
A) The fasting phase
B) Diet induced thermogenesis
C) Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
D) nonexercise activity–induced homeostasis.
C) Nonexercise activity thermogenesis
There is a general belief that exercise is the most effective method of losing weight. Several studies have shown that exercise:
A) often contributes little to weight loss
B) almost always increases weight gain
C) almost always contributes substantially to weight loss
D) reduces nonexercise activity-induced homeostasis.
A) often contributes little to weight loss
With respect to the surgical treatment of extreme overweight, gastric bypass is ____ effective than the adjustable gastric band procedure and is associated with _____ complications.
A) More; fewer
B) Less; fewer
C) More; more
D) Less; more
C) More; more
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder that involves:
A) Bingeing
B) Overconsumption
C) Underconsumption
D) Excessive weight gain
C) Underconsumption
Bulimia nervosa is a disorder that involves:
A) Psychosis
B) Excessive anxiety in social situations
C) Paranoia
D) Bingeing and purging
D) Bingeing and purging
Both anorexics and bulimics tend to have:
A) Distorted body images
B) The ability to maintain strict diets
C) Paranoid schizophrenia
A) Distorted body images
Studies have found that the positive-incentive value of various tastes is ___________ in anorexic patients than in control participants.
A) More variable
B) Lower
C) Higher
D) More likely to be absent
B) Lower
The case of the anorexic student illustrated the role of _________________ in the etiology of anorexia.
A) Conditioned taste aversions
B) Stimulus anticipation
C) The high positive incentive value of food
D) Punishment
A) Conditioned taste aversions
The fasting phase is characterized by high blood levels of:
A) Insulin
B) Glucose
C) Glucagon
D) Carbohydrates
C) Glucagon
Cafeteria diets are usually associated with substantial weight gain because satiety is:
A) Sensory specific
B) Fleeting
C) Temporary
D) Enduring
A) Sensory specific
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) was once believed to be:
A) Static
B) A hunger center
C) Part of the hippocampus
D) A satiety center
D) A satiety center
In 1940, it was discovered that large bilateral electrolytic lesions to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of rats produced:
A) Hyperphagia
B) Aphagia
C) Excessive thirst
D) Adipsia
A) Hyperphagia
Body fat releases a hormone called:
A) Gylcogen
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin
D) Leptin
D) Leptin
Neuropeptide Y is considered to be a ____________ peptide.
A) Satiety
B) Positive incentive
C) Obesity
D) Hunger
D) Hunger
Serotonin __________ have been used to reduce eating and body weight.
A) Facilitators
B) Antagonists
C) Agonists
D) Blockers
C) Agonists
