How the Nervous System Develops Flashcards
A cell that is pluripotent can develop into:
A.
any class of cell in the body.
B.
only one type of cell.
C.
different cells of only one class.
D.
many, but not all, classes of body cells.
D.
many, but not all, classes of body cells.
Which choice correctly arranges early neurodevelopmental structures in order of their appearance, beginning with the earliest?
A.
neural groove, neural plate, neural tube
B.
neural plate, neural groove, neural tube
C.
neural plate, neural tube, neural groove
D.
neural tube, neural groove, neural plate
B.
neural plate, neural groove, neural tube
Most cell division in the neural tube occurs in the:
A.
ventricles.
B.
mesoderm.
C.
ventricular zone.
D.
floor plate.
C.
ventricular zone.
The mechanism that enables developing cells to migrate either radially or tangentially is:
A.
glia-mediated migration.
B.
axonal transmigration.
C.
somal translocation.
D.
aggregation.
C.
somal translocation.
The topographic gradient hypothesis was proposed to explain:
A.
the results of Sperry’s classic experiments with frogs.
B.
how axonal growth can produce accurate topographic maps in the brain.
C.
somal translocation.
D.
why some growing axons follow the same circuitous route to reach their target in every member of a species.
B.
how axonal growth can produce accurate topographic maps in the brain.
The volume of the human brain _______________ between birth and adulthood.
A.
quadruples
B.
remains unchanged
C.
Doubles
C.
Doubles
During postnatal human brain development, cortical thinning occurs first in the _____ area(s).
A.
prefrontal
B.
parietal
C.
secondary sensory
D.
primary sensory
D.
primary sensory
Myelination of sensory areas usually occurs:
A.
during the first few months after birth.
B.
prenatally.
C.
during the second year after birth.
D.
during adolescence.
A.
during the first few months after birth.
One of the four cognitive functions that the prefrontal cortex plays a role in is:
A.
planning and carrying out sequences of actions.
B.
ocular dominance.
C.
neurogenesis.
D.
fear-learning and anxiety.
A.
planning and carrying out sequences of actions.
Diamond hypothesized that perseverative errors occur in infants between 7 and 12 months because the ______________ cortex/cortices is/are not fully developed during this period.
A.
primary sensory
B.
parietal
C.
prefrontal
D.
secondary sensory
C.
prefrontal
Although an experience may have an impact at other times during development, it is likely to have an especially profound effect on development during a ______ period.
A.
sensitive
B.
critical
C.
time-dependent
D.
Developmental
A.
sensitive
With respect to development, critical period is to sensitive period as _____ is to _____.
A.
essential; important
B.
prenatal; postnatal
C.
important; essential
D.
postnatal; prenatal
A.
essential; important
Rats reared from birth in the dark were found to have:
A.
fewer dendritic spines in their association cortices.
B.
less myelination in their secondary visual cortices.
C.
fewer synapses in their primary visual cortices.
D.
deficits in working memory.
C.
fewer synapses in their primary visual cortices
Baby Mateo was born with cataracts in both eyes. The cataracts were removed when Mateo was about one month old. Based on information provided in your textbook, it is MOST likely that Mateo’s vision:
A.
will recover quickly in some ways, but some aspects of vision will remain impaired into adulthood.
B.
will recover quickly, with no lasting impairments.
C.
will remain comparable to that of a newborn.
D.
will recover only very slowly.
A.
will recover quickly in some ways, but some aspects of vision will remain impaired into adulthood.
Early musical training has been found to:
A.
delay the development of perfect pitch.
B.
expand an area of the auditory cortex.
C.
expand the primary sensory cortices, particularly the visual and auditory primary cortices.
D.
shrink the association cortices, particularly the auditory association cortex.
B.
expand an area of the auditory cortex.
Prior to the early 1980s, neurogenesis was assumed to:
A.
be restricted to early stages of development.
B.
occur only in the adult mammalian brain.
C.
be restricted to the postnatal period.
D.
be detrimental.
A.
be restricted to early stages of development.
The number of new neurons added to the adult human hippocampus has been estimated to be about ___________ per day per hippocampus.
A.
900
B.
1000
C.
700
D.
2000
C.
700
New olfactory bulb neurons are created from adult neural stem cells at certain sites in the:
A.
striatum.
B.
prefrontal cortex.
C.
subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles.
D.
hippocampus.
C.
subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles.
Adult rats living in enriched environments produced 60 percent more new hippocampal neurons than did adult rats living in nonenriched environments. This effect was shown to be largely due to the ______________ that typically occur in enriched environments.
A.
increases in visual stimulation
B.
increases in exercise
C.
decreases in exercise
D.
increases in sexual behavior
B.
increases in exercise
Elbert and colleagues (1995) showed that adult musicians who play stringed instruments that are fingered with the left hand:
A.
performed better than non-stringed instrument players on mathematical tasks.
B.
are more likely to demonstrate perfect pitch than are players of other instruments.
C.
have a smaller-than-average hand-representation area in their left somatosensory cortex.
D.
have an enlarged hand-representation area in their right somatosensory cortex
D.
have an enlarged hand-representation area in their right somatosensory cortex
Core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) include:
A.
unrestricted and varied patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
B.
excessive pursuit of social stimulation.
C.
lack of language development after the second year.
D.
a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication.
D.
a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication.
One early warning sign of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is:
A.
smiling prior to 9 months.
B.
impressive musical abilities.
C.
the development of communicative gestures prior to 12 months.
D.
a decline in eye contact between 2 and 6 months.
D.
a decline in eye contact between 2 and 6 months.
Savant abilities:
A.
emerge as a result of many hours of concentrated practice
B.
do not appear to develop through learning or practice
C.
are present in about 80 percent of persons diagnosed with ASD
D.
usually are not evident in a person with ASD until mid-adolescence
B.
do not appear to develop through learning or practice
People with Williams syndrome:
A.
score high on IQ tests.
B.
are sociable.
C.
are withdrawn.
D.
are nonempathetic.
B.
are sociable.
