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Brain and Behaviour II > Learning, Memory, and Amnesia > Flashcards

Learning, Memory, and Amnesia Flashcards

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1
Q

On which memory test did H.M. display deficits?
A) Mirror-drawing test
B) Pavlovian Conditioning
C) Block-tapping test
D) Incomplete picture test

A

C) Block-tapping test

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2
Q

H.M.’ case showed us that:
A) Pavlovian conditioning is a form of explicit memory
B) The amygdala is involved in explicit memory
C) There is a difference between implicit and explicit forms of memory
D) The digit span + 1 test is a test of implicit memory

A

C) There is a difference between implicit and explicit forms of memory

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3
Q

Repetition priming tests are tests of _____ memory.
A) Explicit
B) Declarative
C) Working
D) Implicit

A

D) Implicit

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4
Q

___________ memories are memories for general facts or information, whereas ______________ memories are memories for the particular events.
A) Implicit/ explicit
B) Episodic/ semantic
C) Explicit/ implicit
D) Semantic/episodic

A

D) Semantic/episodic

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5
Q

In transient global amnesia, there is:
A) Almost always severe retrograde amnesia for implicit memories
B) Virtually always anterograde amnesia for explicit memories
C) Often a slow, insidious onset
D) Always permanent, diffuse brain damage

A

B) Virtually always anterograde amnesia for explicit memories

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6
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is a disorder of memory common in people who have:
A) Consumed large amounts of alcohol
B) Had bilateral medial temporal lobectomies
C) Alzhiemer’s disease
D) Consumed too much thiamine

A

A) Consumed large amounts of alcohol

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7
Q

Evidence indicates that the brain damage associated with Korsakoff’s syndrome is at least partially due to:
A) Thiamine deficiency
B) Iron deficiency
C) Too little acetylcholine
D) Too much acetylcholine

A

A) Thiamine deficiency

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8
Q

In some respects, the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff’s syndrome are similar to those found in:
A) Transient epileptic amnesia
B) Medial temporal lobe amnesia
C) Diffuse damage to the amygdala
D) Alzheimer’s disease

A

B) Medial temporal lobe amnesia

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9
Q

The first sign of Alzheimer’s disease is often:
A) Excessive alcohol and drug use
B) A mild loss of bladder control
C) A severe loss of memory
D) Mild memory impairments

A

D) Mild memory impairments

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10
Q

The level of acetylcholine is often reduced in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. This reduction likely results from degeneration of cells in the:
A) Hippocampus
B) Basal forebrain
C) Amygdala
D) Mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus

A

B) Basal forebrain

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11
Q

Testing of victims of cerebral trauma indicates that:
A) Closed-head traumatic brain injuries preferentially disrupt older memories
B) Memory consolidation is not a viable theory
C) Lasting memories deteriorate and become more vulnerable to disruption
D) Lasting memories become linked to additional memories and more resistant to disruption

A

D) Lasting memories become linked to additional memories and more resistant to disruption

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12
Q

Hebb argued that memories of experiences are stored in the short term by:
A) The basal forebrain
B) The cortex
C) The mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus
D) Neural activity reverberating in closed circuits

A

D) Neural activity reverberating in closed circuits

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13
Q

To account for the fact that H.M.’s bilateral medial temporal lobectomy produced retrograde amnesia only for those events that occurred in the few years just before his surgery, it was suggested that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical store. This theory became known as _____ theory.
A) The hippocampal-cortical
B) The multiple-trace
C) The standard consolidation
D) Hebb’s reconsolidation

A

C) The standard consolidation

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14
Q

A change in the brain that stores a memory is known as:
A) A reconsolidation
B) A penumbra
C) An engram
D) An infarct

A

C) An engram

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15
Q

The _____________________ hypothesis holds that each time a memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it becomes labile.
A) Engram
B) Consolidation
C) Global amnesia
D) Reconsolidation

A

D) Reconsolidation

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16
Q

In the ________________________ task a monkey is presented with a distinctive object (the sample object), under which it finds food. Then, after a specified delay, the monkey is presented with two test objects: the sample object and an unfamiliar object. The monkey must select the unfamiliar object to receive a food reward.
A) Delayed matching to sample
B) Repetition priming
C) Delayed nonmatching to sample
D) Nondelayed matching to sample

A

C) Delayed nonmatching to sample

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17
Q

_____ developed the version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for rats that most closely resembles the version for monkeys.
A) Squire
B) Nadel
C) Barnes
D) Mumby

A

D) Mumby

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18
Q

Almost all studies of hippocampal lesions in monkeys and humans entail damage to large portions of the ____________ in addition to the hippocampus.
A) Mumby nuclei
B) Rhinal cortex
C) Mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus
D) Basal forebrain

A

B) Rhinal cortex

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19
Q

The results of delayed nonmatching-to-sample tests indicate that combined bilateral lesions of the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial temporal cortex have similar effects on memory in humans, monkeys, and rats – namely:
A) Minor deficits but only at the longest retention intervals
B) Minor deficits but only at the shortest retention intervals
C) Major deficits but only at the longest retention intervals
D) Major deficits but only at the shortest retention intervals

A

D) Major deficits but only at the shortest retention intervals

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20
Q

Selective bilateral removal of the hippocampus without damaging adjacent medial temporal lobe structures produces ____________ on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test and other tests of object recognition.
A) Improvements
B) Modest deficits
C) Severe deficits
D) No deficits

A

B) Modest deficits

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21
Q

Place and grid cells are found in the _____ and attest to the structure’s role in _____ processing.
A) Hippocampus; spatial
B) Hippocampus; emotional
C) Amygdala; emotional
D) Amygdala; spatial

A

A) Hippocampus; spatial

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22
Q

In the ____________________ water maze, intact rats placed at various locations in a circular pool of murky water rapidly learn to swim to a stationary platform hidden just below the surface.
A) Mumby
B) Morris
C) Murky
D) Radial

A

B) Morris

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23
Q

________________ cells are entorhinal neurons that each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper.
A) Place
B) Grid
C) Morris
D) Graph

A

B) Grid

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24
Q

Neurons in the medial temporal lobes that are highly selective in terms of their responses to classes of test objects or individuals are known as:
A) Concept cells
B) Whoopi Goldberg Cells
C) Lisa Kudrow Cells
D) Hebb cells

A

A) Concept cells

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25
Q

The optogenetic identification of an engram cell typically involves two stages in sequence: first a _________________ stage and then a ______________ stage.
A) Storage; recall
B) Tagging; manipulate
C) Encoding; recall
D) Manipulate; tagging

A

B) Tagging; manipulate

26
Q

The medial temporal lobe structures first implicated in spatial memory was the:

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

27
Q

The area of the medial temporal cortex that participates in spatial memory through its hippocampal projections is:

A

ENTORHINAL CORTEX

28
Q

Large area of the cortex that plays a role in object recognition is:

A

MEDIAL TEMPORAL CORTEX

29
Q

Cholinergic area that has been linked to the memory problems of Alzheimer’s disease is:

A

THE BASAL FOREBRAIN

30
Q

Large area of the neocortex that participates in visual perception and memory for visual stimuli is the:

A

INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX

31
Q

Medial temporal lobe structures involved in the emotional significance of memories is the:

A

AMYGDALA

32
Q

Large cortical area involved in memory for temporal order and in working (short term) memory is:

A

THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

33
Q

Mesencephalic structure that has been implicated in the retention of eye-blink conditioning and other learned sensorimotor skills is the:

A

CEREBELLUM

34
Q

Subcortical structure that has been linked to habit formation is the:

A

STRIATUM

35
Q

Naya, Yoshida, and Miyashita (2001) recorded the responses of neurons while monkeys learned the relation between pairs of visual images. When the monkeys were required to recall that pair, activity was recorded in ____________ neurons before ____________ neurons.
A) Hippocampal; inferotemporal
B) Inferotemporal; hippocampal
C) Perirhinal; inferotemporal
D) Inferotemporal; perirhinal

A

C) Perirhinal; inferotemporal

36
Q

Rats with ______________ lesions, unlike intact rats, do not respond with fear to a neutral stimulus that has previously been followed by electric foot shock.
A) Hippocampal
B) Inferotemporal
C) Striatal
D) Amygdalar

A

D) Amygdalar

37
Q

Involvement of the ______________ during memory formation may account for the fact that emotion-provoking events are remembered better than neutral events.
A) Inferotemporal cortex
B) Perirhinal cortex
C) Cerebellum
D) Amygdala

A

D) Amygdala

38
Q

Patients with large prefrontal lesions often have difficulty performing tasks that involve:
A) A series of responses
B) Emotions
C) Sensorimotor learning
D) Visual stimuli

A

A) A series of responses

39
Q

The role of the ____________________ in the Pavlovian conditioning of the eye-blink response of rabbits has been intensively investigated.
A) Striatum
B) Inferotemporal cortex
C) Cerebellum
D) Amygdala

A

C) Cerebellum

40
Q

Bliss and Lømø showed that there is a facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons. This phenomenon has been termed:
A) Long-term potentiation
B) Long-term modification
C) High-frequency facilitation
D) Presynaptic facilitation

A

A) Long-term potentiation

41
Q

The fact that it ______ is one feature of long-term potentiation (LTP) that Hebb argued was an important property of learning and memory.
A) Can last only a short time
B) Occurs in the amygdala
C) Can last for a long time
D) Occurs in the hippocampus

A

C) Can last for a long time

42
Q

Even if glutamate binds to it, an NMDA receptor does not respond maximally unless ___________.
A) The glutamate is sufficiently excitatory
B) Its calcium channels are inhibited
C) The postsynaptic neuron already is partially hyperpolarized
D) The postsynaptic neuron already is partially depolarized

A

D) The postsynaptic neuron already is partially depolarized

43
Q

The reason that the effects of long-term potentiation (LTP) at one synapse on a neuron do not spread to nearby synapses on the same neuron is likely because of:
A) Calcium influx
B) Dendritic spines
C) The NMDA receptor
D) Glutamate inhibitor protein

A

B) Dendritic spines

44
Q

_________________ refers to the modulation of the ability to induce LTP at particular synapses.
A) Metaplasticity
B) Neuroplasticity
C) Long-term depression (LTD)
D) Synaptic facilitation

A

A) Metaplasticity

45
Q

In a study of infantile amnesia, children were shown a series of photographs of preschool-aged children, some of whom had been their preschool classmates. Whether they explicitly remembered a former classmate or not, they consistently displayed a _______________ to the photographs of their former classmates.
A) Large general fMRI signal
B) Large skin conductance response
C) Weak skin conductance response
D) Large hippocampal fMRI signal

A

B) Large skin conductance response

46
Q

_________________ are substances (drugs, supplements, herbal extracts, etc.) that are thought to improve memory.
A) Nootropics
B) IQ pills
C) NMDA receptor agonists
D) Intelligence drugs

A

A) Nootropics

47
Q

Although smart pills are often marketed to healthy adults, most relevant research has been done on:
A) Nonhumans with exceptional memory
B) Juvenile nonhumans
C) H.M.
D) Nonhumans or humans with memory difficulties

A

D) Nonhumans or humans with memory difficulties

48
Q

An advertisement touts a new nootropic supplement, or smart pill, promising to turbocharge one’s memory and propel academic, career, and relationship success. Which statement is LEAST likely true of any research evaluating the new supplement?
A) It lacks rigorous controls
B) It was performed on healthy humans with normal memory function
C) It found only small effects
D) It has few participants

A

B) It was performed on healthy humans with normal memory function

49
Q

The presentation of R.M.’s posttraumatic amnesia was ironic because:
A) R.M. had treated H.M. for epilepsy
B) H.M. also had a brain injury from skiing
C) H.M. was also a biopsychologist
D) One of the few things that R.M. could remembers during his confusion was the case of H.M.

A

D) One of the few things that R.M. could remember during his confusion was the case of H.M.

50
Q

H.M.’s digit span performance was:
A) Better than 90% of the persons tested
B) Difficult to assess
C) Within the normal range
D) Worse than 90% of the persons tested.

A

C) Within the normal range

51
Q

Semantic memories are ___________ memories.
A) Short-term
B) Implicit
C) Explicit
D) Episodic

A

C) Explicit

52
Q

Transient global amnesia is defined by its:
A) Suden onset in the absence of any obvious cause
B) Unusually long duration
C) Clear link to significant brain trauma
D) Often imperceptible occurrence

A

A) Suden onset in the absence of any obvious cause

53
Q

During the early stages of Korsakoff’s syndrome, _________________ amnesia for _____ episodic memory is the MOST prominent symptom.
A) Anterograde; implicit
B) Retrograde; explicit
C) Retrograde; implicit
D) Anterograde; explicit

A

D) Anterograde; explicit

54
Q

Posttraumatic amnesia can be induced by:
A) Thiamine
B) Electroconvulsive shock
C) Repetition priming
D) Alcohol

A

B) Electroconvulsive shock

55
Q

____________ is/are produced by electroconvulsive shock in humans and other animals.
A) Psychoses
B) Spatial gradients of anterograde amnesia
C) Place cell depletion
D) Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia

A

D) Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia

56
Q

Temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia provide evidence for:
A) Micro-strokes
B) Degeneration
C) The transfer of memory
D) Consolidation

A

D) Consolidation

57
Q

Large deficits in delayed nonmatching-to-sample are caused by bilateral lesions to the:
A) Hippocampus
B) Corpus callosum
C) Amygdala
D) Medial temporal lobe cortex

A

D) Medial temporal lobe cortex

58
Q

Grid cells are:
A) Place cells
B) Schwann cells
C) Hippocampal neurons
D) Entorhinal cortex neurons

A

D) Entorhinal cortex neurons

59
Q

The hippocampus plays a major role in memory for:
A) Faces
B) Spatial location
C) Emotional significance
D) Words

A

B) Spatial location

60
Q

The induction of LTP at synapses with NMDA receptors depends on the influx of:
A) Sodium ions into the postsynaptic neuron
B) Calcium ions into the presynaptic neuron
C) Calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron
D) Potassium ions into the presynaptic neuron

A

C) Calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron

61
Q

The flip side of long-term potentiation (LTP) is known as ____ and occurs in response to prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neurons.
A) Metaplasticity
B) Long term depression (LTD)
C) Low frequency potentiation (LFP)
D) High frequency potentiation (HFP)

A

B) Long term depression (LTD)

Brain and Behaviour II (9 decks)

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