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Act - Cognition & Causality > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Our internal 24 hour cycles

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2
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?

A

Rhythms shorter than a 24 hour cycle

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3
Q

What are the features of circadian rhythms?

A

> Adaptation
Built into the CNS
Internally regulated
Can be regulated by external cues

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4
Q

What did Kleitman (1939) demonstrate?

A

That without any external cues people operate naturally on a circadian (24.5 hour) cycle

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5
Q

What biological factors influence circadian rhythms?

A

> Neural activity
Hormone production
Cell regeneration

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6
Q

How does hormone production influence circadian rhythms?

A

Most hormone are secreted at different rates at different times

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7
Q

How does cortisol secretion influence circadian rhythms?

A

Cortisol levels increase sharply in the early morning and gradually reduce throughout the day

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8
Q

What controls the sleep/wake cycles?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

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9
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

In the hypothalamus

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10
Q

How does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) influence the sleep/wake cycle?

A

> Visual system registers sunlight decreases
SCN increases production of melatonin
Melatonin reduces activity and makes you feel sleepy

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11
Q

What effect does GABA have on the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

> Excites dorsal

> Inhibits ventral

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12
Q

What are the parameters of brainwaves?

A

> Frequency (Hz)

> Amplitudes (um)

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13
Q

What are the types of brain wave?

A

> Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

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14
Q

What are the features of waking brain waves?

A

> Low amplitude

> High frequency

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15
Q

What are the features of brain waves during Stage 1 sleep?

A

Mostly theta waves

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16
Q

What are the features of brain waves during Stage 2 sleep?

A

> Sleep spindles

> Brief periods of high amp, high freq

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17
Q

What are the features of brain waves during Stage 3 sleep?

A

Delta waves

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18
Q

What are the features of brain waves during Stage 4 sleep?

A

Mostly delta waves

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19
Q

What are the features of brain waves during REM sleep?

A

> Rapid eye movement

> Otherwise identical to Stage 1

20
Q

What are the features of REM sleep?

A

> Decreased awareness threshold
Autonomic arousal
Vestibular activation
Genital arousal

21
Q

What is vestibular activation?

A

> Spatial orientation
Balance
Movement

22
Q

What are the psychological factors associated with sleep?

A

> Facilitation through sleep

> Impairment through deprivation

23
Q

What cognitive processes occur during sleep?

A

> Learning

> Problem solving

24
Q

What are the cognitive processes thought to be impaired by sleep disruption?

A

> Attention and memory

> Decision making

25
Q

Does sleep enhance learning?

A

Yes

26
Q

What evidence is there that sleep enhances learning?

A

> Motor learning
Memory recall
Perceptual motor tasks

27
Q

What have associative learning tasks demonstrated about sleep?

A

Learning shows offline consolidation of knowledge acquired (Walker and Stickgold, 2004)

28
Q

What did Walker and Stickgold (2004) demonstrate?

A

That after sleep previously acquired knowledge is consolidated

29
Q

Who demonstrated that sleep consolidates knowledge?

A

Walker and Stickgold (2004)

30
Q

Theoretically, why does sleep have consolidation benefits?

A

Sleep includes the neural reorganisation of memory, improving efficiency of storage and easing recall

31
Q

What neurological evidence is there that sleep deprivation has an effect on the formation memory?

A

Sleep deprivation is linked to impaired hippocampal function

32
Q

What did Wagner et al (2004) demonstrate?

A

That sleep is either reprocessing or reorganising

33
Q

What did Dickinson and Drummond (2008) demonstrate?

A

Bayesian updating is resilient to sleep deprivation

34
Q

What did Dickinson and Drummond (2008) find?

A

> Bayesian reasoning task
Sleep deprived / rested
No differences in performance
Differences in strategy

35
Q

What impact does shift work have?

A

> Physical measures (stress)
Neurobiological
Cognitive measure of behaviour (arousal and attention)

36
Q

What did Rouch et al ( 2005) find?

A

Long term shift work was detrimental to memory, attention and decision making

37
Q

What did Washburn (1992) find?

A

> Nurses
Fatigue increases during nightshift
Performance and alertness increase during nightshift

38
Q

Who demonstrated that performance and alertness in nurses was increased at the end of the night shift?

A

Washburn (1992)

39
Q

What did Peacock et al (1989) find?

A

> Policemen
Fatigue increases during nightshift
Performance and alertness increase during nightshift

40
Q

Who demonstrated that performance and alertness in policemen was increased at the end of the night shift?

A

Peacock et al (1989)

41
Q

What did Muecke (2005) propose?

A

That at the end of a shift ppl may start using compensatory strategies to boost performance

42
Q

What did Rickard et al (2008) demonstrate?

A

Evidence of offline learning may be artefacts of:
> Averaging methods
>Time-of-day testing

43
Q

What are the methodological limitations of shift pattern studies?

A

> Before-after designs
Shift length
Cross comparisons

44
Q

What are the limitations of before-after designs wrt shift pattern studies?

A

Usually conducted once, when one group is going off shift and one group is going on. Doesn’t look at same group performance

45
Q

What are the shift length limitations of shift pattern studies?

A

Most studies don’t control for shift length, combinations, speed of rotation or direction of rotation

46
Q

What are the cross comparison limitations of shift pattern studies?

A

> Failure to detail differences in task requirement on-job

> Don’t control for levels of physical activity on shift

Act - Cognition & Causality (9 decks)

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