Causality and Control Flashcards
How do we learn control?
> Intuitive decision making processes
> Rule-based learning processes
What is the computer character task?
> Computer character called George
Mood determined algorithmically, based on user input
Participant asked to keep George happy
What did Stanley et al (1989) demonstrate?
> Computer character task
Ppts learn to control George’s mood before they know how they can do it
Practice improves performance, but improvement does not extend to similar tasks
What did Berry and Broadbent (1988) demonstrate?
> Computer character task
> Ppts show poor insight into decision making
What are the features of Exemplar theory / Instance-based theory?
> Knowledge - Decision outcome reps.
Implicit processing
Domain specific
Procedural
What is the basis of the exemplar theory / instance-based theory?
Don’t need to know exact mechanics (eg, physics) of complex environments to learn to control them (eg, riding a bike)
What are the features of the explicit process of exemplar theory / instance-based theory?
> Tend to report causal structures without being asked
Transfer knowledge
Better control with better knowledge
Vicarious learning
What did Hagmayer et al (2010) demonstrate?
That people tend to report complex causal structures without being asked
What did Osman (2008) demonstrate?
> People tend to transfer previously accrued knowledge to new, seemingly similar situations
Vicarious learning in explicit process tasks
What did Burns and Vollmeyer (2002) demonstrate?
People tend to show better control of an explicit process task (eg, computer character task) is they have better knowledge of the rules
What are the features of hypothesis driven theory?
> Knowledge - rule based
Explicit processing
Domain general
Procedural and declarative
What is the basis of the hypothesis driven theory?
We often do need to represent properties of the environment to learn how to control it
What are the causal biases in our perception of the world?
> Assumed one to one mapping
Assumed linear cause and effect
Assumed Occam’s Razor
Assumed relationship between our actions and effects
Assumed actions and effects are unidirectional
