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Act - Cognition & Causality > Implicit learning > Flashcards

Implicit learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What are examples of implicit learning?

A

> Knowledge of implicit rules
Amnesiacs learning new skills
Automatic processing

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2
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Memory without any sensation of remembering

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3
Q

What did Reber and Reber (2001) hypothesise?

A

Implicit learning is unconscious, therefore there must be learning processes that operate independently of consciousness

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4
Q

What are the examples of implicit learning?

A

> Priming / subliminal perception
Perceptual motor learning / rule learning
Clinical dissociations

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5
Q

What are the two stages of information processing?

A

> Encoding

> Retrieval

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6
Q

At what stage of information processing does amnesia manifest?

A

Retrieval

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7
Q

What did Cheesman and Merikle (1984) establish?

A

> Subjective threshold (threshold of aware discrimination)

> Objective threshold (threshold of discrimination)

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8
Q

What does subliminal priming require?

A

A stimulus presented below the subjective threshold and above the objective one.

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9
Q

What is subliminal priming?

A

Priming with unconsciously detected information

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10
Q

What do demonstrations of unconscious priming focus on?

A

> Accessibility of information at encoding

> Availability of information after storage

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11
Q

What are the two theories of unconscious detection?

A

> That information is inaccessible during encoding

> That information is not accessible to the conscious mind at encoding

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12
Q

What did Vicary (1957) demonstrate?

A

The effectiveness of subliminal advertising in cinema concession stand sales

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13
Q

Who demonstrated that effectiveness of subliminal advertising in cinema concession stand sales?

A

Vicary (1957)

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14
Q

What is the requirement for subliminal priming?

A

The stimuli is too short or too low intensity to be detected consciously

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15
Q

What did Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996) demonstrate?

A

That priming someone with old age means they take long to walk to the elevator

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16
Q

Who demonstrated that priming has a behavioural impact?

A

Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996)

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17
Q

What did Jacoby et al (1989) demonstrate?

A

Subliminal priming with non-famous names makes people judge them as famous later

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18
Q

Who demonstrated that subliminal priming can increase familiarity?

A

Jacoby et al (1989)

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19
Q

What did Mulligan (1997) find?

A

While distracted word memorisation was poor, but improved when using a recognition task instead of a recall one

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20
Q

What did Reber (1967) demonstrate?

A

> Trained people to recognise complex letter strings with an undisclosed grammar rule
Tested later to see if they had learned the rule
Performed well in test
Could not explicitly identify a rule

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21
Q

What did Dienes and Altmann (1997) find?

A

> Expanded the Reber (1967) study

> People can extended their rule awareness to new letter strings

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22
Q

What did Altmann, Dienes and Goode (1995) find?

A

> Extended Reber (1967)

> Cross-modal transfer (letters to musical tones)

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23
Q

What did Reber, Kassin, Lewis and Cantor (1980) find?

A

> Extended Reber (1967)

> If explicitly told there is a rule test performance drops

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24
Q

What did Dulaney, Carlson and Dewey (1984) find?

A

> Extended Reber

> Found that training on letter pairs was just as effective for end performance

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25
Q

What does Dulaney, Carlson and Dewey (1984) suggest?

A

Memorisation by rote of acceptable letter pairs rather than implicit learning

26
Q

What did Kinder and Assmann (2000) find?

A

> Extended Reber (1967)
Found grammaticality conflated with familiarity
When looking at completely unfamiliar letter strings test results were poor

27
Q

What did Kinder, Shanks, Cock and Tunney (2003) find?

A

> Extended Reber (1967)
Familiarity increases fluency (fluency effect)
When told to ignore fluency, performance drops

28
Q

What id the fluency effect?

A

The easier something is to process, the more familiar it seems

29
Q

What did Nissen and Bullemer (1987) find?

A

> Serial reaction time task

> Ppts demonstrated dissociation between performance and perceived performance

30
Q

What is the serial reaction time task?

A 
> Present people with a stimuli that follows a rule
> Training period
> Test:
    -> Transfer task
    -> Indirect measures
    -> Direct measures
31
Q

What did Kelly and Burton (2001) find?

A

> Serial reaction time task
Learning through observation impairs performance
Learning through observation does not effect rule awareness

32
Q

What did Cleeremans and Jimenez (1998) find?

A

> Serial reaction time task

> When people are told not to generate a sequence they will still generate one

33
Q

What did Cohen et al (1990) find?

A

> Serial reaction time task

> No interference from secondary tasks

34
Q

What did Rowland and Shanks (2004) find?

A

> Serial reaction time task

> Highly visually demanding tasks can interfere with rules learning

35
Q

What did Johnstone and Shanks (1999) find?

A

> Serial reaction time task
Motivation (payments) increased performance in unlearned tasks
When old info was presented in full then this difference disappeared

36
Q

What does the implicit learning = rule abstraction theory state?

A

> Learning tracks patterns and forms them into unconscious rules
What becomes learned is deeper underlying rules
Cross modal transfer is possible
Do not need to consciously attend to information

37
Q

What does implicit learning = exemplar based theory state?

A

> Learn by example
Store examples in memory
When there are enough, we can make predictions through comparison
Therefore information does not need to be consciously attended to

38
Q

What does the theory that there is no explicit learning state?

A

> Transfer appropriate processing
Cognitive system designed to find shortcuts
Shortcutting forms simple rules
Attention is required for learning

39
Q

What did Morris et al (1977) find?

A

> Transfer appropriate processing

> When training and testing matched (either phonetic or semantic properties of words) performance improved

40
Q

What neurological evidence is there for implicit learning?

A

> Double dissociations (implicit and explicit learning)

> Neuroimaging studies

41
Q

What types of clinical studies have explored implicit learning?

A 
> Anaesthesia
> Amnesia
> Parkinson's disease
> Prosopagnosia
> Blindsight 
> Split brain
42
Q

What did Kihlstrom et al (1990) find?

A

> Word presentation during surgery

> Later recall showed improved performance on indirect tests

43
Q

What is the criticism of Kihlstrom et al (1990)?

A

Failure to replicate:
> Cork, Kihlstrom and Schacter (1992)
> Jalicic et al (1993)

44
Q

What did Hughes et al (1994) find?

A

> Played a stop-smoking tape in surgery
Found reduced smoking behaviour 1 month post-op
No effect for control

45
Q

What did Knowlton, Ramus and Squire (1992) find?

A

> Implicit grammar learning in amnesiacs

> Explicit learning v poor

46
Q

What did Knopman (1991) find?

A

> Amnesiac / Korsakoff patients
Serial reaction time task
Implicit rule learning intact, explicit learning non-existant

47
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

> Degenerative disorder
Impaired speech and motor performance
Memory loss
Deficit in the basal ganglia

48
Q

What did Ferrare, Balota and Connor (1993) find?

A

> Parkinson’s Disease
Serial reaction time task
Deficits in implicit learning

49
Q

What did Smith et al (2001) find?

A

> Parkinson’s Disease
Serial reaction time task
Implicit learning was present
Criticism of Ferrare, Balota and Connor (1993)

50
Q

What are the criticisms of Ferrare, Balota and Connor (1993)?

A

> Smith et al (2001)

> Problematic demonstration of implicit learning

51
Q

What did DeHann, Young and Newcombe (1991) find?

A

> Case study
Prosopagnosia
Unable to explicitly select familiar faces
Implicit recall present

52
Q

What did DeHann and Campbell find?

A

> Replicated DeHann, Young and Newcombe (1991)
Case study
Prosopagnosia
Could not find evidence of explicit or implicit recall

53
Q

What is the double dissociation around implicit and explicit memory?

A

> Parkinson’s Disease - impaired implicit

> Amnesia - impaired explicit

54
Q

What are the problems with the implicit/explicit double dissociation?

A

> Parkinson’s Disease - impaired implicit learning
Amnesia - impaired explicit
This dichotomy DISAPPEARS if there is extensive training

55
Q

What is blindsight?

A

Responding to visual stimuli in the absence of conscious vision

56
Q

What visual abilities do patients with damage to the primary visual cortex occasionally retain?

A

> Better than chance performance on forced choice discrimination tasks
Spatial navigation and coordination

57
Q

What is split brain syndrome?

A

Some cases of severe epilepsy is treated by severing the corpus callosum

58
Q

What are the methodological issues associated with implicit learning studies?

A 
> Many of the studies have a numerical advantage for the controls
> Low statistical power
> Explicit measures are not exhaustive
> Biased
> Relying on null effects
59
Q

What are the theoretical issues with the dualist argument?

A

> Assume dissociable mechanisms, but claim they can interact
Assume explicit and implicit learning are different but both dependant on implicit learning
Neural localisation not evidence for different reasoning systems

60
Q

What are the theoretical issues with the single system argument?

A

> Continuum difficult to empirically test
Denying the presence of unconscious processes does not accommodate the majority of research
Impossible to demonstrate unconscious learning

Act - Cognition & Causality (9 decks)

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