Hypnosis Flashcards
What are the features of meditation?
> Loss of selective focus of attention
Reduction of attention intensity threshold
Immobilisation of psychic operations
What is the function of hypnosis?
To experience shifts in consciousness and behaviour consonant for therapeutic ends or research purposes
What is mesmerism?
> Animal magnetism
‘Hysteria’ can be cured through magnetic therapy
Was developed into hypnotism
What was established by Faria in the 1800s?
> Trance as a hypnotic state
> Introduced the importance of belief
What was demonstrated by Puysegur in the 1800s?
> Posthypnotic amnesia
> Posthypnotic suggestion
What did Braid (1885) establish?
> Coined the term hypnotism
> Introduced the concept of surgical amnesia
What did Charcot (1882) establish?
Outlined the different stages of consciousness
What did Bernheim (1882) establish?
> Hypnotism as an abnormal state of consciousness
> Taught Freud
What did Hilgard (1959) propose?
> Trance Theory / Hidden Observer
What is Trance Theory / Hidden Observer?
> Hypnotic scale of Susceptibility
> Altered state of consciousness
Who developed Trance Theory / Hidden Observer?
Hilgard (1959)
What did Spanos (1986) state?
> Suggestibility is influenced by social desirability
> Hypnotism does not alter states of consciousness
What scales have been developed for measuring hypnotism?
> Harvard Group Scale (HGSS)
> Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS)
What are the common features of the hypnotic scales?
> Different states that people pass through
> Practical methods for inducing extreme hypnotic states
What is the Hillard standardised procedure?
> Used in conjunction with the Harvard Group Scale (HGSS)
Relaxation
Focus on a set point
Verbal instructions
What is the process for the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS)?
> Relaxation > Eyes closed > Verbal instructions > Tests amnesia > Tests hallucinations
What did Barnier and McConkey (1998) demonstrate?
> Ear rubbing hypnotic procedure
Lead to out-of-body experience
Dissociated
What did Noble and McConkey (1995) demonstrate?
> Dial method (continuous reporting)
Dissociation
Male -> female hypnotic suggestion
What did Spanos, Radtke and Dubreuil (1982) report?
Highly suggestible people score lower on recall when told to forget hypnotically
Who demonstrated that hypnotic suggestion can influence recall?
Spanos, Radtke and Dubreuil (1982)
What did Sackheim, Nordlie and Gur (1979) find?
High suggestibility lead to poor affect recognition when told they were blind
Who demonstrated that hypnotic suggestion can influence affect recognition?
Sackheim, Nordlie and Gur (1979)
Which studies demonstrate that hypnotism effects executive control?
> Spanos, Radtke and Dubreuil (1982)
> Sackheim, Nordlie and Gur (1979)
What categories do hypnotic effects fall into?
> Motor
> Cognitive-perceptual
What categories do hypnotic experiences fall into?
> Involuntary reactions
> Distortions of reality
What practical applications are there for hypnosis?
> Alters smoking habits (60-80%)
Alters dietary habits (60-90%)
Reduces pain, fear and anxiety (70%)
What is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?
> Subject control during hypnosis unchanged
Behavioural monitoring impaired
Executive control monitoring impaired
What is the main limitation of the dissociation theory of hypnosis?
It’s still not clear where the dissociation lies
What are the features if the interactionist theory of hypnotism?
> Susceptibility
Success dependant on subject’s cognitive skills being able to maintain state
Implies continued control and monitoring
What are the features of the features of the Cold Control and Discrepancy-Attribution theories?
> Dissociation occurs between 1st and 2nd order states
Dissociation is monitoring based
2nd order thoughts influenced by expectation (hence susceptibility)
What are the limitations of the theoretical explanations of hypnosis?
> Susceptibility not explained
Link between altered behaviour and altered experiences
Cause of the hypnotic state
What did Lynn et al (2006) demonstrate?
> Neuroimaging
> Neural activation consistent with hypnotic experiences
Who used neuroimaging to demonstrate that hypnotism has a neural effect?
Lynn et al (2006)
What did Dumont, Martin and Broer (2012) find?
> Looked at colour perception, paralysis and pain
Neuroimaging meta-analysis
Susceptibility causes neural changes
Who used a neuroimaging meta-analysis to demonstrate that hynotism can consistently have a neural effect?
Dumont, Martin and Broer (2012)
