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Act - Cognition & Causality > Dreams > Flashcards

Dreams Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards
0
Q

What are the properties of dreams?

A
  • mental imagery
  • temporal progression of events
  • narrative coherence
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1
Q

What did Koulack (1972) find?

A
  • congenitally blind subjects have eye movements during REM sleep
  • eye movements are disassociated from the visual imagery in the dreams
  • in congenitally blind subjects visual imagery dreams are unaccompanied by REM
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2
Q

What are the measures used to study dreams?

A
  • free recall
  • EEG
  • disruption to sleep patterns
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3
Q

What are the empirical techniques used to study dreams?

A
  • Literature (stories)
  • Survey samples
  • experiments in sleep laboratories
  • patient reports of dreams/disruptions to dreaming
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4
Q

What are the problems associated with free recall dream studies?

A
  • highly selective circumstances
  • recall rarely taken immediately after the dream
  • prompts are sometimes provided (may distort the reports)
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5
Q

What are the general characteristics of REM dreams?

A
  • Visual imagery
  • dream content is not typically bizarre or fantastical
  • most dreams are credible
  • emotionality is not common
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7
Q

What evidence is there that dreams are moods dependent?

A
  • depressed recalled fewer and less detailed dreams (Barrett & Loeffler, 1992)
  • depression in bipolar leads to fewer dreams (Beauchemin & Hayes, 1995)
  • depressed have dreams with more negative content (Barrett and Loeffler, 1992)
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8
Q

How is REM sleep connected to dreaming?

A

REM sleep is neither necessary nor sufficient for dreaming

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9
Q

Dreams

What did Mellman et al (1995) and Woodward et al (2000) find?

A

They found that Disturbing Dreams are commonly associated with PTSD and exposures to trauma

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10
Q

What evidence is there that Disturbing Dreams are associated with PTSD and trauma?

A

Wood et al (1992) found that after a major earthquake in San Francisco (in 1989) nightmare incidents twice as high

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11
Q

Dreams

What did Levin and Neilsen (2009) claim about Disturbing Dreams?

A

They claimed that dreaming is a fear extinction function and that Disturbing Dreams indicates a failure to regulate emotion properly

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12
Q

What was the ancient Greek belief about dreams?

A
  • believed dreams were created by the gods to reduce human suffering
  • believed the content of dreams explained and rationalised external events (when not just prophesies)
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13
Q

What did the ancient Egyptians believe about dreams?

A
  • believed dreams were divining origin

* believed dreams were prophetic

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14
Q

In mediaeval Europe, how were dreams believed to be connected to the four humours?

A
  • believed dreams were connected with emotions
  • believe that each of the humans would correspond to different dream through “vapours”
  • particular dream features were linked to particular humours
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15
Q

What were Freuds perception of dreams?

A
  • Dream activity reflects man’s emotive side
  • wish fulfilment
  • Took neurobiological functions into account and connected them to psychological functions
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16
Q

What were the contemporary challenges to Freud’s perception of dreams?

A
  • Maury (1861) proposed that external stimuli were the catalyst for all dreams
  • Goblot (1886) dreams developed during the waking process
17
Q

Dreams

What is activation-synthesis theory?

A

Dreaming is fundamentally physiological and not psychologically driven.

The brain is periodically activated, while the input and motor output are blocked

18
Q

Dreams

What are the stages of activation-synthesis theory?

A
  • activation of reticular formation (reticular activating system in the cerebral cortex regulates sleep-wake transitions and arousal)
  • rhythm of sleep-wake cycles activates various brain centres
  • dream synthesis by cortex activity
19
Q

What are the different forms of synthesis in activation-synthesis theory?

A
  • flying experiences (rationalisation of vestibular activation disorientating spatial sense)
  • Chase dreams (activation of motor cortex)
  • Visual imagery (activation of visual cortex)
20
Q

What does the cognitive theory of dreams propose?

A

There are three main cognitive processes involved in the generation of dreams:
• mnemonic activation
• planner
• conscious organisation

21
Q

According to the cognitive theory of dreams, what are the stages of dream formation?

A
  • mnemonic activation is planned by a process that selects which memories should be processed and how
  • a planner selects activated material and a “first draft” is created
  • these stages are unconscious
  • The “first draft” is elaborated on consciously. This is remembered as a dream
27
Q

Dreams

What did Bertolo et al (2003) find?

A
  • congenitally blind subjects do have dreams of visual imagery
  • congenitally blind subjects can draw and describe the visual content of their dreams

Act - Cognition & Causality (9 decks)

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