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Brain and Behavior > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Do scientists fully understand why we sleep?

A

No

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2
Q

What are some consequences of sleep deprivation?

A

Hallucinations, memory impairments

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3
Q

What fraction of our lives do we spend alseep?

A

1/3

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4
Q

What fraction of time sleeping do we dream for?

A

1/4

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5
Q

Does time sleeping increase or decrease with age?

A

Decrease

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6
Q

Does time dreaming increase or decrease with age?

A

Decrease

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7
Q

True or False?
The amount of time mammals sleep varies drastically

A

True

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8
Q

Do we understand the variation in time sleeping between different mammals?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the three measures of sleep?

A
  1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  2. Electromyogram (EMG)
  3. Electrooculogram (EOG)
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10
Q

What does an EEG measure?

A

Brain wave activity during the sleep cycle

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11
Q

What does an EMG measure?

A

Muscle activity during the sleep cycle

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12
Q

What does an EOG measure

A

Eye movements during the sleep cycle

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13
Q

What is used to perform EEGs?

A

Electro-caps

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14
Q

What is an electrode?

A

Small, conductive devices that are placed on the scalp to record electrical brain activity

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15
Q

What two factors are used to read EEG results in the format of waves?

A

Amplitude and Frequency

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16
Q

What constant is used to measure amplitude in brain waves

A

millivolts (mV)

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17
Q

Which phases can sleeping be divided into?

A

REM
Non-rem

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18
Q

What is brain wave frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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19
Q

During which sleep phase is your body able to move?

A

Non-REM

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20
Q

The sleep phase characterized by vivid dreams, heightened brain activity, similar to wakefulness

A

REM

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21
Q

Which phase is sleep encompasses the stages of sleep with slower brain waves, less vivid dreams, and physical restoration

A

Non-REM

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22
Q

During which phase of sleep does the body temperature and energy consumption of the body lower?

A

Non-REM

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23
Q

During which phase of sleep is there an increase in the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

Non-REM

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24
Q

During which phase of sleep is the EEG characterized by delta waves?

A

Non-REM

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25
Q

Describe delta waves in terms of amplitude and frequency

A

High amplitude and low frequency (2-3 Hz)

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26
Q

Are delta waves considered high or low brain activity?

A

low

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27
Q

Which type of sleep is said to be “an active brain in a paralyzed body?”

A

REM

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28
Q

Which type of sleep is said to be “an idle brain in a moveable body”

A

Non-REM

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29
Q

Is oxygen consumption during REM sleep higher or lower than it is while awake?

A

Higher

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30
Q

Which muscles move during REM sleep?

A

only the respiratory muscles

31
Q

What type of waves appear during REM sleep

A

Beta waves

32
Q

How are beta waves described?

A

Low amplitude and high frequency (20Hz)

33
Q

During which type of sleep does dreaming occur?

A

REM

34
Q

During which type of sleep does sleep talking, sleep walking, etc happen?

A

Non-REM

35
Q

What percent of sleep is spent in Non-REM sleep and REM sleep respecitvly?

A

75%: Non-REM sleep
25%: REM

36
Q

Which type of sleep includes four stages?

A

Non-REM

37
Q

Do the stages during Non-REM sleep increase or decrease throughout the night?

A

Night

38
Q

Does the time spent in REM sleep increase or decrease throughout the night?

A

Increase

39
Q

What happens during stage 1 of REM sleep?

A

the lightest stage of sleep, often referred to as the transition between wakefulness and sleep

40
Q

How long does stage 1 of Non-REM sleep last?

A

A few minutes

41
Q

What type of waves are observed during stage 1 of non-REM sleep?

A

Alpha (8-13Hz) that slow to Theta (4-7 Hz)

42
Q

Does the amplitude increase or decrease during stage 1 of non-REM sleep?

A

Increase

43
Q

How long does stage 2 on non-REM sleep last?

A

5-15 minutes

44
Q

What waves are detected during stage 2 of Non-REM sleep?

A

theta waves continue, presence of spindles

45
Q

What theory exists as to why spindles appear on EEGs?

A

They may be telling the brain to start slowing down

46
Q

What type of waves are present during stage 3 on non-REM sleep?

A

Delta waves (2-4Hz)

47
Q

Are the brain waves during stage 3 of NREM sleep said to have large or small amplitude?

A

Large

48
Q

What happens during stage 4 of NREM Sleep?

A

Sleep becomes lighter and you suddenly enter REM

49
Q

What type of waves are present during stage 4 of NREM sleep?

A

Beta waves

50
Q

During which stage is the body in its most restful state?

A

Stage 4 of NREM

51
Q

Waves get (faster/slower) and (higher/lower) as we ease into REM sleep?

A

Slower and higher

52
Q

What are the three theories as to why we sleep?

A
  1. Restoration
  2. Circadian theory
  3. Adaptation
53
Q

What does the restoration theory of sleep state?

A

We sleep to recover and rest

54
Q

What does the circadian theory of sleep state?

A

Our cycle is 24 hours and we are programmed to sleep at a certain time

55
Q

What does the adaptation theory of sleep state?

A

We sleep to keep ourselves out of trouble, we depend heavily on our visual system as humans, since we cannot see well at night, we hide ourselves away

56
Q

What are the theories of functions of REM sleep?

A
  1. Prevents the brain from becoming comatose
  2. Permits an animal to become more sensitive to the environment
  3. learning and memory; consolidates important information and gets rid of the rest
57
Q

Does the amount of sleep someone gets affect their memory and recall?

A

Yes more sleep improves memory and recall

58
Q

What area of the brain is important to the sleep cycle?

A

The reticular formation

59
Q

Where is the reticular formation located?

A

on the brainstem next to the cerebellum

60
Q

Which neurotransmitter is important for sleep?

A

serotonin

61
Q

What area of the brain produces serotonin for sleep?

A

Raphe nuclei

62
Q

Does the HPA axis affect sleep?

A

Yes it must be calmed down to sleep

63
Q

Which areas of the brain are active during dreams?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and visual cortex

64
Q

What area of the brain is inhibited during dreams?

A

Prefrontal cortex

65
Q

What is the role of the Reticular Formation in sleep?

A

It is a critical area for regulating the sleep cycle, particularly for waking.

66
Q

Where is the Reticular Formation located?

A

It is located in the brainstem, adjacent to the cerebellum.

67
Q

What happens when the pons is stimulated regarding sleep?

A

Activation of the reticular formation in the pons can wake sleeping cats, highlighting its role in arousal.

68
Q

What are the Raphe Nuclei?

A

They are nuclei situated in the brainstem

69
Q

What neurotransmitter do the Raphe Nuclei produce?

A

They produce serotonin, which is crucial for sleep regulation.

70
Q

What is the function of serotonin in the brain?

A

Serotonin is distributed throughout the brain and plays a key role in inhibiting arousal.

71
Q

How do serotonin inhibitors affect sleep?

A

Drugs like PCPA (p-chlorophenylalanine) inhibit serotonin production, resulting in reduced cortical arousal and facilitating sleep.

72
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in sleep mechanisms besides serotonin?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved, particularly in the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

73
Q

What roles do norepinephrine (NA) and adrenaline (A) play in sleep?

A

hey play roles in the HPA axis, which must be calmed to facilitate sleep.

Brain and Behavior (9 decks)

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