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Brain and Behavior > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: Who coined the term “schizophrenia” and when?

A

A: Bleuler in 1911.

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2
Q

Q: What does “schizophrenia” mean?

A

A: Divided mind.

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3
Q

Q: What percentage of the population is affected by schizophrenia?

A

A: 1–1.5%.

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4
Q

Q: How many people are hospitalized for schizophrenia in the USA at any one time?

A

A: Approximately 400,000.

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5
Q

Q: Does schizophrenia have permanent recovery?

A

A: Rarely; symptoms can be controlled but not cured.

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6
Q

Q: How do schizophrenia symptoms progress?

A

A: They occur in cycles, alternating between intense and less intense periods.

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7
Q

Q: Why is schizophrenia considered a group of disorders?

A

A: Different patients and even the same patient over time can display vastly different symptoms.

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8
Q

Q: What are the two basic symptom categories of schizophrenia described by Krapelin?

A

A: Positive and negative symptoms.

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9
Q

Q: What are positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

A: Behaviors that are present but should not be, such as delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior.

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10
Q

Q: What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

A

A: Behaviors that are absent but should be, such as lack of motivation, social withdrawal, diminished emotional expression, and poor judgment.

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11
Q

Q: What is a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

A: Formal thought disorder, characterized by disorganized thinking and fragmented, illogical speech.

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12
Q

Q: Why do schizophrenia symptoms suggest multiple causes?

A

A: Patients may show only positive, only negative, or a combination of symptoms.

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13
Q

Q: What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins?

A

A: 50%.

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14
Q

Q: What is the concordance rate for schizophrenia in dizygotic twins?

A

A: 10–14%.

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15
Q

Q: What does the difference in concordance rates between identical and fraternal twins suggest?

A

A: Schizophrenia is not entirely genetic.

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16
Q

Q: What neurotransmitter is abnormally elevated in schizophrenia?

A

A: Dopamine (DA).

17
Q

Q: What drugs control schizophrenia symptoms by blocking DA receptors?

A

A: Neuroleptics, such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol.

18
Q

Q: What side effects can neuroleptics produce?

A

A: Parkinsonian-like symptoms.

19
Q

Q: What does L-Dopa produce in schizophrenic patients?

A

A: Transient psychotic states.

20
Q

Q: What alternative explanation exists for DA dysregulation in schizophrenia?

A

A: Too many dopamine receptors rather than too much dopamine.

21
Q

Q: What drug of abuse supports the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

A: PCP (Phencyclidine).

22
Q

Q: What symptoms does PCP intoxication cause that mimic schizophrenia?

A

A: Hallucinations and paranoia.

23
Q

Q: How does PCP affect the glutamate system?

A

A: It reduces NMDA receptor activation, leading to less calcium and sodium entry into the cell.

24
Q

Q: What symptoms are seen in mice without NMDA receptors?

A

A: Agitation and social withdrawal.

25
Q

Q: What structural abnormality is sometimes found in schizophrenic patients?

A

A: Enlarged ventricles.

26
Q

Q: Is cortical atrophy found in all schizophrenic patients?

A

A: No, and it is not confined to a specific brain area.

27
Q

Q: Where is significant brain tissue loss often observed in schizophrenia?

A

A: The frontal brain region.

28
Q

Q: What structural abnormality is found in some patients with schizophrenia and often accompanied by alcoholism?

A

A: Cerebellar atrophy.

29
Q

Q: What microstructural change is specific to schizophrenia?

A

A: Disorganization of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.

30
Q

Q: What types of neurons are lost in schizophrenia?

A

A: Inhibitory neurons, particularly in medial-temporal lobe structures.

31
Q

Q: How does regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the frontal cortex compare in schizophrenic patients?

A

A: It is lower than in healthy individuals.

32
Q

Q: What is hypofrontality in schizophrenia?

A

A: A failure to increase blood flow in the frontal lobe during tasks requiring prefrontal cortex activation.

33
Q

Q: What tasks reveal hypofrontality in schizophrenia?

A

A: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), working memory tasks, planning, and organization tasks.

34
Q

Q: What does imaging during tasks show in schizophrenic patients?

A

A: Lower frontal activity (red) and higher striatum activity (green), indicating abnormal dopamine activity.

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