Alzheimer's

Question 1

Q: Who discovered Alzheimer’s Disease, and when?

Answer 1

A: Dr. Alois Alzheimer in 1906.

Question 2

Q: What case led to the discovery of Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 2

A: Auguste Deter, a 51-year-old patient.

Question 3

Q: What type of condition is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 3

A: A progressive and terminal condition, one of the leading causes of dementia.

Question 4

Q: What percentage of people aged 65+ have Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 4

A: 3%.

Question 5

Q: What percentage of people aged 85+ have Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 5

A: 10%.

Question 6

Q: How does the prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease change with age?

Answer 6

A: It increases with age.

Question 7

Q: What are the early memory impairments in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 7

A: Issues with encoding, storage, and retrieval of declarative memories.

Question 8

Q: What type of memory is preserved in early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 8

A: Procedural memory (skills and routines).

Question 9

Q: What abilities are gradually lost as Alzheimer’s Disease progresses?

Answer 9

A: The ability to recall names of family members and recognize familiar faces and stories.

Question 10

Q: What memory systems remain intact in Alzheimer’s patients?

Answer 10

A: Short-term memory (e.g., digit span) and non-declarative memory (e.g., habits and skills).

Question 11

Q: What are early language issues in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 11

A: Word finding difficulties and naming problems.

Question 12

Q: What language issues develop as Alzheimer’s progresses?

Answer 12

A: Problems with comprehension, repetition, and fluency in conversation.

Question 13

Q: What visual-spatial tasks are challenging for Alzheimer’s patients?

Answer 13

A: Line orientation and the Rey-Osterrieth figure copying task.

Question 14

Q: What cognitive issues do Alzheimer’s patients experience?

Answer 14

A: Perseveration, poor planning, organizing, and problem-solving.

Question 15

Q: What part of the brain’s degeneration contributes to executive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s?

Answer 15

A: The frontal lobe.

Question 16

Q: What mood disorders are common in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 16

A: Paranoia and depression.

Question 17

Q: What is a common paranoid delusion in Alzheimer’s patients?

Answer 17

A: Belief that items are being stolen.

Question 18

Q: What happens to the brain in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 18

A: Overall shrinkage, widening of sulci, shrinkage of gyri, and enlarged ventricles.

Question 19

Q: What are amyloid plaques, and where do they accumulate?

Answer 19

A: Sticky beta-amyloid proteins that accumulate outside neurons.

Question 20

Q: What happens to Tau proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 20

A: They detach, form tangles, and cause neurons to wither and die.

Question 21

Q: What is the normal short-to-long beta-amyloid ratio in the brain?

Answer 21

A: 95% short and 5% long.

Question 22

Q: What is the beta-amyloid ratio in an Alzheimer’s brain?

Answer 22

A: 60% short and 40% long.

Question 23

Q: What chromosome is linked to both Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 23

A: Chromosome 21.

Question 24

Q: What gene on Chromosome 19 increases Alzheimer’s risk?

Answer 24

A: ApoE4.

Question 25

Q: What lifestyle factor is associated with better cognitive performance in Alzheimer’s patients?

Answer 25

A: Higher levels of formal education.

Question 26

Q: What diet is recommended for reducing Alzheimer’s risk?

Answer 26

A: The Mediterranean diet.

Question 27

Q: Which neurons are affected first in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 27

A: Cholinergic neurons.

Question 28

Q: What percentage of choline acetyltransferase is lost in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 28

A: Up to 70%.

Question 29

Q: What is Lecanemab, and what does it do?

Answer 29

A: An FDA-approved drug that reduces amyloid-beta and slows cognitive decline by 25-30%.

Question 30

Q: What are the side effects of Lecanemab?

Answer 30

A: Brain swelling and bleeding in 20-30% of patients.