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Brain and Behavior > Alzheimer's > Flashcards

Alzheimer's Flashcards

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1
Q

What case was the discovery of Alzheimer’s Disease based on?

A
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2
Q

What type of condition is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

A progressive and terminal condition

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3
Q

Who discovered Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Dr. Alois Alzheimer.

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4
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease a common cause of?

A

Dementia

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5
Q

At what age can Alzheimer’s Disease appear?

A

As young as 40.

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6
Q

How does Alzheimer’s prevalence change with age?

A

It increases.

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7
Q

What is the most consistent symptom in Alzheimer’s patients?

A

Memory issues.

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8
Q

What type of memory is affected first in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Declarative memory.

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9
Q

Which type of memory is preserved in the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Procedural memory.

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10
Q

What memory systems remain intact in Alzheimer’s patients?

A

Short-term memory and non-declarative memory.

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11
Q

What early speech issues are seen in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Word finding and naming difficulties.

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12
Q

What visual-spatial tasks do Alzheimer’s patients struggle with?

A

Line orientation and the Rey-Osterrieth figure copying task.

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13
Q

What are common mood disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Paranoia and depression.

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14
Q

What brain region’s degeneration contributes to executive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s?

A

Frontal lobe.

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15
Q

What happens to the overall size of the brain in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

The brain shrinks.

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16
Q

What happens to sulci and gyri in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Sulci widen, and gyri shrink.

17
Q

What causes tissue damage in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Cell degeneration and cell death.

18
Q

What are amyloid plaques made of?

A

Sticky beta-amyloid protein.

19
Q

Where do amyloid plaques accumulate?

A

Outside neurons.

20
Q

What effect do amyloid plaques have on neurons?

A

They block nutrient flow and disrupt communication.

21
Q

What happens to the long beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

It folds on itself and accumulates at synapses.

22
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles composed of?

A

Tau proteins.

23
Q

What is the normal role of Tau proteins?

A

Stabilizing neurons and facilitating intracellular transport.

24
Q

What happens to Tau proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Phosphate ions attach, altering their structure, causing detachment and tangles.

25
Q

What is the result of Tau detachment and tangle formation?

A

Neurons wither and die.

26
Q

What do PET studies show in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Reduced glucose activation in the brain.

27
Q

Are most Alzheimer’s Disease cases inherited?

A

No, but genetic factors can play a role.

28
Q

What is the strongest non-genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Traumatic brain injury.

29
Q

What toxin has been found in Alzheimer’s plaques and tangles?

A

Aluminum

30
Q

How does education affect Alzheimer’s risk?

A

Higher levels of formal education correlate with better cognitive performance, even with amyloid deposits.

31
Q

What diet is recommended to help reduce Alzheimer’s risk?

A

The Mediterranean diet.

32
Q

Which neurons are affected first in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Cholinergic neurons.

33
Q

What happens to acetylcholine (ACh) levels in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

They are reduced.

34
Q

What enzyme responsible for producing ACh is reduced in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Choline acetyltransferase.

35
Q

By how much is choline acetyltransferase reduced in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Up to 70%.

36
Q

What is Physostigmine, and how does it help in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

It is an ACh agonist that aids memory.

37
Q

Why are treatment results for ACh levels mixed in Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Many drugs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier effectively.

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