SL - changing population Flashcards
what is BR?
birth rate, number of babies born per 1000 people
what is DR?
death rate, number of deaths per 1000 people
fertility rate?
average number of babies born
natural increase?
when the birth rate is higher than the death rate
natural decrease?
when death rate is higher than birth rate
replacement level?
when the fertility rate is above 2.1, so the population grows
what are some reasons for countries having big populations?
high BR, lack of contraceptives, role of women in society, religion
why does the US have a big population even tho its developed?
migration, religion, lack of abortion rights
what are the reasons for countries having more men than women?
mainly happens in middle east, due to them Muslim countries
high amount of migrant workers (labour)
role of women in society
what are the reasons for countries having more women than men?
countries like nepal
- immigrated to work somewhere else
- men go to middle east
- can be due to war
where are the smallest populations found usually?
tend to be found in small countries, this is due to outward migration because of less opportunities and because of size
what problem is japan facing right now?
ageing popualtion
why does japan have an ageing popualtion?
- limited work laws for women, little maternity leave
- very expensive and children even more
- good tech, good for medical and elderly
- corporate culture, people working so much
what are the problems of an elderly population?
- pension rates low and increased tax
- small workforce
- high retirement age
- strain on hospitals
- voting is all elderly
- low BR
- high DR
- natural decrease
- high dependency ratio
- primary schools are shutting down
- maternity ward in ubari no longer exists
- things are shutting down so they cant function as a society
what are the positives of an ageing population?
- grey yen, grey market - old people spending money
- raising retirement age
- influence younger people through knowledge and wisdom
- culture and tradition is passed down
why are male death rates higher than women?
- suicide and mental health sats are higher
- war
- diet
- risky behaviour
- labour intense jobs
as a country develops what happens to womens death rates?
increase because of higher stress levels
what is an anti-natalist policy?
when a government wants people to have less children, this can be extreme like in china or not like in India
why did china implement one child policy?
rapidly growing population
strain on resources
small population lets country develop and economically prosper
how was the one child policy enforced?
- fines
- propaganda
- Granny police (check contraceptive use and monitor periods)
- forced abortion/sterilisation
- loss of jobs
- cash bonus
- better education and health care
how many births were stopped in china?
400 million
how many elderly live below poverty line in japan?
20%
how many suicides in japan are committed by people over 65
1/3
how many more men than women are there in china?
30 million
what is china now doing instead of one child policy?
3 child policy because they now have an ageing population
why is there an imbalance of men and women in china?
because when people had their first child they would prefer boys and therefore get the girl aborted or abandon them
where in the world has high fertility rates?
sub saharan africa, afghanistan
where in the world has average fertility rates?
north and south america, parts of africa
where in the world has low fertility rates?
europe, china, South korea, japan
what is human trafficking?
illegal (forced) movement of people from one place to another
why does human trafficking happen?
forced labour, sexual slavery, commercial exploitation
how many people are victims of human trafficking?
20.9 million
where does human trafficking happen?
asia and north africa, some parts of eastern europe and central America
what is a mega city?
a city with a population of over 10 million
what are factors that cause cities to get bigger?
urbanisation (mechanisation)
high life expectancy
BR
general migration
low tax rates
incenvites from gov
companies moving
new building developments
where were the world mega cities in the 1900s?
europe due to industrial revolution which is urbanisation and it had a high BR
why do HIC’s have less mega cities now?
- counter-urbanistaion (people moving out of cities)
- low BR
- slower growth of place because they are already developed
what are the problems of a mega city?
- flooding due to concrete
- high prices and small houses
- congestion
- homelessness and slums
- public services are stretched thin
- crime
- limited jobs
- pollution
why are people moving out of mega cities?
- high rent and prices
- small houses
- traffic and congestion
example of mega city in LIC
rio de janeiro
what was the increase in rio’s popualtion from 2010 to 2023?
1.3 million increase
what is causing the increase in population in rio
natural increase
young population
high migration rates
favelas (slums)
Religion and lack of contraceptives
what environmental problems does rio face?
water pollution, air pollution from cars and wood fires, deforestation for building, chemicals entering lakes and river
what social problems does rio face?
overcrowding
crime
urban sprawl
poverty
how many people live under the poverty line in rio?
17%
what are problems in the favelas?
overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, disease is rampant, high infant mortality rates, poor nutrition
political problems in rio
gangs run the favelas, drug war
how do you find the dependency ratio?
number of people aged 0-15 + over 65 / everyone else x100
what is the sex ratio?
the measure of how many males there are to females in a population
what can effect the sex ratio at birth?
natalist policies
- in china people are more likely to abort female babies than males due to cultural preference (bring in more money to family)
what can effect sex ratio for the economically active age group
war - russia sends all their men off to fight in wars
product of anti-natalist population
immigration for work - men move to the middle east for work
labour intense jobs for men
internal migration? case study and stats
china
- internal migration in china is = to all international migration
- this is due to huko system (class/resident system) is designed to regulate internal migration to prevent slums
what are the types of migrants in china?
- floating migrants, go from town to town for short periods of time
- Peasant workers, people moving from countryside to cities
- Outside workers, people who arent chinese
- Working boys and girls, young people left their town and move to the cities
- New migrants, people who have only just moved
how did Russia’s population change?
- In 1960, there was a youthful population and a low life expectancy and a low working population
- In 2019, working population increased, birth rate decreased, life expectancy stayed roughly the same
- In 2050, it’s predicted that the population will become ageing, the working population will decrease, the birth rate will stay roughly the same.
how is putin raising the BR in russia?
Free vitamins
Financial assistance
Mother’s assistance program
Increased parental leave following the birth of a child
Increased payments to mother
Child benefits
what is chinas population like?
90% of population live on 1/3 of the land
43% live on the coast
113 cities that have a population of over a million, 10 are over a million in USA
why is chinas population distribution uneven?
western china is dry, desert land and also mountainous.
east china has more arable land, also access to water meaning they can build ports
- set up special economic zones (free trade zones) to increase exports and imports
- internal migration led to massive growth and cities turning into mega-regions
what are chinas solutions to mega urbanisation and overcrowding
- pre built ghost towns
forced migration case study?
south africa
due to the apartheid
what happened in south africa
prosecution of black people
dense population in the coast
- the colour of your skin still determines where you live
- people moving to the mining cities for money (joburg)
what are free towns in south africa
glorified slums
white ppl live in the strand
role of women in kerala
There is a tradition of female employment, with girls educated to the same standard as boys.
There is open access to universities and colleges where women often study to be doctors and nurses.
Jobs have been open to women in health and education since the early 20th century.
Women have autonomy in their personal life, where there is not tradition of dowries and there are no obstacles to remarriage.
sex ratio kerala
1,085 females to 1,000 males
policies to enforce gender equality
equal pay
role availability
prevention of harassment
education
boseurp’s view
population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward.
political cause and consequence of forced migration
cause - war discrimination
consequence - decrease in labour force and also establishment of harsh borders
corporate ways to reduce climate change
- carbon trading
- emission targets
- renewable energy
