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IB geography > SL - changing population > Flashcards

SL - changing population Flashcards

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1
Q

what is BR?

A

birth rate, number of babies born per 1000 people

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2
Q

what is DR?

A

death rate, number of deaths per 1000 people

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3
Q

fertility rate?

A

average number of babies born

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4
Q

natural increase?

A

when the birth rate is higher than the death rate

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5
Q

natural decrease?

A

when death rate is higher than birth rate

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6
Q

replacement level?

A

when the fertility rate is above 2.1, so the population grows

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7
Q

what are some reasons for countries having big populations?

A

high BR, lack of contraceptives, role of women in society, religion

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8
Q

why does the US have a big population even tho its developed?

A

migration, religion, lack of abortion rights

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9
Q

what are the reasons for countries having more men than women?

A

mainly happens in middle east, due to them Muslim countries
high amount of migrant workers (labour)
role of women in society

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10
Q

what are the reasons for countries having more women than men?

A

countries like nepal
- immigrated to work somewhere else
- men go to middle east
- can be due to war

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11
Q

where are the smallest populations found usually?

A

tend to be found in small countries, this is due to outward migration because of less opportunities and because of size

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12
Q

what problem is japan facing right now?

A

ageing popualtion

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13
Q

why does japan have an ageing popualtion?

A
  • limited work laws for women, little maternity leave
  • very expensive and children even more
  • good tech, good for medical and elderly
  • corporate culture, people working so much
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14
Q

what are the problems of an elderly population?

A
  • pension rates low and increased tax
  • small workforce
  • high retirement age
  • strain on hospitals
  • voting is all elderly
  • low BR
  • high DR
  • natural decrease
  • high dependency ratio
  • primary schools are shutting down
  • maternity ward in ubari no longer exists
  • things are shutting down so they cant function as a society
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15
Q

what are the positives of an ageing population?

A
  • grey yen, grey market - old people spending money
  • raising retirement age
  • influence younger people through knowledge and wisdom
  • culture and tradition is passed down
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16
Q

why are male death rates higher than women?

A
  • suicide and mental health sats are higher
  • war
  • diet
  • risky behaviour
  • labour intense jobs
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17
Q

as a country develops what happens to womens death rates?

A

increase because of higher stress levels

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18
Q

what is an anti-natalist policy?

A

when a government wants people to have less children, this can be extreme like in china or not like in India

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19
Q

why did china implement one child policy?

A

rapidly growing population
strain on resources
small population lets country develop and economically prosper

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20
Q

how was the one child policy enforced?

A
  • fines
  • propaganda
  • Granny police (check contraceptive use and monitor periods)
  • forced abortion/sterilisation
  • loss of jobs
  • cash bonus
  • better education and health care
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21
Q

how many births were stopped in china?

A

400 million

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22
Q

how many elderly live below poverty line in japan?

A

20%

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23
Q

how many suicides in japan are committed by people over 65

A

1/3

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24
Q

how many more men than women are there in china?

A

30 million

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25
Q

what is china now doing instead of one child policy?

A

3 child policy because they now have an ageing population

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26
Q

why is there an imbalance of men and women in china?

A

because when people had their first child they would prefer boys and therefore get the girl aborted or abandon them

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27
Q

where in the world has high fertility rates?

A

sub saharan africa, afghanistan

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28
Q

where in the world has average fertility rates?

A

north and south america, parts of africa

29
Q

where in the world has low fertility rates?

A

europe, china, South korea, japan

30
Q

what is human trafficking?

A

illegal (forced) movement of people from one place to another

31
Q

why does human trafficking happen?

A

forced labour, sexual slavery, commercial exploitation

32
Q

how many people are victims of human trafficking?

A

20.9 million

33
Q

where does human trafficking happen?

A

asia and north africa, some parts of eastern europe and central America

34
Q

what is a mega city?

A

a city with a population of over 10 million

35
Q

what are factors that cause cities to get bigger?

A

urbanisation (mechanisation)
high life expectancy
BR
general migration
low tax rates
incenvites from gov
companies moving
new building developments

36
Q

where were the world mega cities in the 1900s?

A

europe due to industrial revolution which is urbanisation and it had a high BR

37
Q

why do HIC’s have less mega cities now?

A
  • counter-urbanistaion (people moving out of cities)
  • low BR
  • slower growth of place because they are already developed
38
Q

what are the problems of a mega city?

A
  • flooding due to concrete
  • high prices and small houses
  • congestion
  • homelessness and slums
  • public services are stretched thin
  • crime
  • limited jobs
  • pollution
39
Q

why are people moving out of mega cities?

A
  • high rent and prices
  • small houses
  • traffic and congestion
40
Q

example of mega city in LIC

A

rio de janeiro

41
Q

what was the increase in rio’s popualtion from 2010 to 2023?

A

1.3 million increase

42
Q

what is causing the increase in population in rio

A

natural increase
young population
high migration rates
favelas (slums)
Religion and lack of contraceptives

43
Q

what environmental problems does rio face?

A

water pollution, air pollution from cars and wood fires, deforestation for building, chemicals entering lakes and river

44
Q

what social problems does rio face?

A

overcrowding
crime
urban sprawl
poverty

45
Q

how many people live under the poverty line in rio?

A

17%

46
Q

what are problems in the favelas?

A

overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, disease is rampant, high infant mortality rates, poor nutrition

47
Q

political problems in rio

A

gangs run the favelas, drug war

48
Q

how do you find the dependency ratio?

A

number of people aged 0-15 + over 65 / everyone else x100

49
Q

what is the sex ratio?

A

the measure of how many males there are to females in a population

50
Q

what can effect the sex ratio at birth?

A

natalist policies
- in china people are more likely to abort female babies than males due to cultural preference (bring in more money to family)

51
Q

what can effect sex ratio for the economically active age group

A

war - russia sends all their men off to fight in wars
product of anti-natalist population
immigration for work - men move to the middle east for work
labour intense jobs for men

52
Q

internal migration? case study and stats

A

china
- internal migration in china is = to all international migration
- this is due to huko system (class/resident system) is designed to regulate internal migration to prevent slums

53
Q

what are the types of migrants in china?

A
  • floating migrants, go from town to town for short periods of time
    • Peasant workers, people moving from countryside to cities
    • Outside workers, people who arent chinese
    • Working boys and girls, young people left their town and move to the cities
    • New migrants, people who have only just moved
54
Q

how did Russia’s population change?

A
  • In 1960, there was a youthful population and a low life expectancy and a low working population
    • In 2019, working population increased, birth rate decreased, life expectancy stayed roughly the same
    • In 2050, it’s predicted that the population will become ageing, the working population will decrease, the birth rate will stay roughly the same.
55
Q

how is putin raising the BR in russia?

A

Free vitamins
Financial assistance
Mother’s assistance program
Increased parental leave following the birth of a child
Increased payments to mother
Child benefits

56
Q

what is chinas population like?

A

90% of population live on 1/3 of the land
43% live on the coast
113 cities that have a population of over a million, 10 are over a million in USA

57
Q

why is chinas population distribution uneven?

A

western china is dry, desert land and also mountainous.
east china has more arable land, also access to water meaning they can build ports
- set up special economic zones (free trade zones) to increase exports and imports
- internal migration led to massive growth and cities turning into mega-regions

58
Q

what are chinas solutions to mega urbanisation and overcrowding

A
  • pre built ghost towns
59
Q

forced migration case study?

A

south africa
due to the apartheid

60
Q

what happened in south africa

A

prosecution of black people
dense population in the coast
- the colour of your skin still determines where you live
- people moving to the mining cities for money (joburg)

61
Q

what are free towns in south africa

A

glorified slums
white ppl live in the strand

62
Q

role of women in kerala

A

There is a tradition of female employment, with girls educated to the same standard as boys.

There is open access to universities and colleges where women often study to be doctors and nurses.

Jobs have been open to women in health and education since the early 20th century.

Women have autonomy in their personal life, where there is not tradition of dowries and there are no obstacles to remarriage.

63
Q

sex ratio kerala

A

1,085 females to 1,000 males

64
Q

policies to enforce gender equality

A

equal pay
role availability
prevention of harassment
education

65
Q

boseurp’s view

A

population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward.

66
Q

political cause and consequence of forced migration

A

cause - war discrimination
consequence - decrease in labour force and also establishment of harsh borders

67
Q

corporate ways to reduce climate change

A
  • carbon trading
  • emission targets
  • renewable energy
68
Q
A

IB geography (10 decks)

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